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Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) often follows hip disorders in children and adolescents. Management of FAI is important not only for improvement of the symptoms but also for prevention of osteoarthritis. Although conservative treatment is effective in managing mild cases of FAI, more serious cases require surgery even though this involves a delayed return to activity and a larger scar. Arthroscopy has become a widely used technique in many joint operations, but it requires a steep learning curve for FAI.
Ganz surgical hip dislocation by a posterior approach,1) using the Gibson2) or Kocher-Langenbeck incision,3) is a popular procedure in the management of FAI with preservation of the blood supply to the femoral head.4) However, this technique may be too aggressive and invasive for some cases. The anterolateral (Watson-Jones) approach5) in the supine position is well known and less invasive for mild to moderate degrees of anterolateral FAI. This allows preservation of both extra- and intracapsular segments of the deep branch of the medial femoral circumflex artery (MFCA)4) without approaching the posterior aspect of the hip joint. Combined osteotomy in the proximal femur can be done using the same approach, and surgical hip dislocation with trochanteric osteotomy is also possible. This paper reports our experience of using the anterolateral (Watson-Jones) approach to manage FAI in various hip disorders.
METHODS
Twenty-one hips in 20 patients with FAI were treated using an anterolateral approach (Table 1). Informed consent for participation in the study was obtained from all patients or parents and the study was approved by the Instituional Review Board of Pusan National University Hospital (IRB No. H-1906-031-080). There were 17 men and three women. Mean age at the time of operation was 17.3 years (range, 10 to 27). Patients were followed up for an average of 5.6 years (range, 1.3 to 12.6). Primary diagnosis included 12 hips with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, three with septic hip, three with avascular necrosis with slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), femoral neck fracture, and developmental dislocation of the hip, two with epiphyseal dysplasia, and one with SCFE. Combined procedures included neck lengthening osteotomy6) in the proximal femur (11 cases), trochanteric osteotomy for surgical hip dislocation (four cases), varus or valgus osteotomy in the proximal femur (four cases), and pelvic osteotomy (four cases; one Bernese periacetabular and three Chiari). Our indication for the anterolateral approach was impingement located on the anterior or anterolateral aspect of the femoral head and neck.
Surgical Procedure
Each patient was prepared and draped in the supine position with a bump under the buttock on the operative side and supported by a kidney rest on the opposite side. Fluoroscopic evaluation was performed throughout the operation facilitated with a radiolucent operating table. The skin incision was started 2.5 cm posterior and distal to the anterior superior iliac spine, and then it was curved distally and posteriorly to the greater trochanter and extended 5 cm distal to the greater trochanter along the shaft of the femur.5) The interval between the tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius was then located. Blunt dissection was performed carefully to identify the joint capsule, avoiding injury to the inferior branch of the superior gluteal nerve that innervates the tensor fasciae latae muscle and anterior gluteus medius. The vastus lateralis and vastus ridge were then identified, and electrocautery was used to retract the muscle proximally 1–2 cm from its origin. Blunt dissection was then continued to expose the capsule.
Capsulotomy without trochanteric osteotomy
The capsule was incised longitudinally along the anterosuperior surface of the femoral neck and a T-shaped cut was made along the acetabular rim. With this approach, the femoral head blood supply could be preserved along with the anterior inferior capsule. Subsynovial retinacular vessels from the deep branch of the MFCA, which enter the posterolateral aspect of the femoral head,4) were thus safely preserved (Fig. 1). The hip joint was then exposed to allow inspection of the preoperatively evaluated impingement site. The osteochondroplasty in the anterolateral aspect of the femoral head and neck was performed while the leg was manipulated simultaneously. If the operative field was expanded over the anterolateral area of the hip joint, detachment of the anterior fibers of the gluteus medius tendon from the trochanter was performed for better visualization, or the trochanter was osteotomized to allow for hip dislocation.
Trochanteric osteotomy for hip dislocation
The trochanter was osteotomized from a posterior to anterior direction because the deep branch of the medial femoral circumflex artery (MFCA) runs along the trochanteric crest in close proximity to the osteotomy site (Fig. 1). Careful identification and exposure of the posterior border of the greater trochanter was necessary before performing the osteotomy. Firm reattachment of the greater trochanter was done using 4.5-mm cannulated screws after the operation.
Subperiosteal flap dissection in the posterior half of the proximal femur for hip dislocation
When hip dislocation with trochanteric osteotomy was required for wider exposure of the femoral head or simultaneous procedures in the proximal femur were necessary, we performed subperiosteal flap dissection in the posterior half of the proximal femur. For this, the vastus lateralis muscle and periosteum were divided longitudinally on the lateral side of the femur from the vastus ridge. Posterior subperiosteal flap dissection was performed proximally starting from the lateral side to the medial side at the level of the lesser trochanter (Fig. 2)—where the deep branch of the MFCA runs dorsally between the iliopsoas and the pectineus muscle and continues proximal to the lesser trochanter at the base of the femoral neck (Fig. 1) along the inferior border of the obturator externus muscle—to the posterosuperior aspect of the neck of the femur—where the subsynovial retinacular vessels enter the femoral head. Subperiosteal flap dissection protected the MFCA while we were performing procedures in the proximal femur. The short external rotators were also carefully cut by electrocautery (at low voltage) along the bony cortex for hip dislocation. Thorough understanding of the anatomy of the MFCA and retinacular arteries was crucial to avoid damaging these vessels. The external rotators were then repaired after the operation by suturing to the remaining soft tissues or to the drilled bone tunnels or by suture anchors.
Capsulotomy for hip dislocation after trochanteric osteotomy
When surgical hip dislocation was necessary, we used a Z-shaped capsulotomy as follows:1) The superior limb of the capsulotomy was located along the posterior acetabular rim, and the inferior limb was located at the level of the anteromedial femoral neck. Capsulotomy of the longitudinal limb was done in line with the femoral neck along its anterolateral surface, connecting the superior and the anterior limbs to complete the capsulotomy. Thus, the retinacular vessels entering the capsule at the inferior area of the superolateral neck were protected.
RESULTS
There was a statistically significant improvement in the range of hip flexion and abduction after surgery; but not in clinical outcomes (Table 2). Range of hip flexion improved from a mean of 117.6 ° ± 15.8 ° to 129.8 ° ± 15.1 °; that of abduction improved from a mean of 29.3 ° ± 6.4 ° to 39.5 ° ± 5.2 °. Mean mHHS improved from 74.3 ± 16.8 points to 81.5 ± 3.9 points. There were no postoperative complications.
DISCUSSION
Selection of the best approach for surgical treatment of FAI must be based on the cause and location of the impingement, as determined by careful use of the available imaging technology. Many cases of FAI in various hip disorders require open surgery because of poor visualization of both the inferoposterior labrum and central chondral lesions in the mini-open osteochondroplasty and because of the steep learning curve for hip arthroscopy. In addition, simultaneous reorientation of the proximal femur with a valgus-flexion intertrochanteric osteotomy is also required to reduce FAI in cases where the femoral neck is short or varus deformed. Relative neck lengthening procedures6) with trochanteric advancement present another possibility of increasing clearance.
The anterolateral approach5) is indicated when the landmarks requiring resection are located on the anterolateral aspect of the femoral head and neck. This is a moderately invasive approach as opposed to the mini-open,78910) arthroscopy,111213141516) and surgical hip dislocation with trochanteric osteotomy through a posterior approach.171819202122232425) In the adult, the vascular supply to the femoral head comes through the retinacular arteries from the deep branch of the MFCA.142627) Both the anterolateral and posterior approaches risk damaging the deep branch and/or the extracapsular portion of the MFCA, when its exact course to the femoral head is not precisely known. Minimizing the risk of damage to the vascular supply of the femoral head will always be essential in both approaches.
If an anterolateral approach can achieve the same results as the posterior approach in the treatment of FAI, we believe the former is safer, especially for the surgeon who is relatively inexperienced regarding the anatomy of the MFCA and its branches to the femoral head and neck. The majority of patients with FAI have lesions located in either the anterosuperior or anteroinferior quadrants (86% and 94% in two series),2829) further justifying an anterolateral approach. Generally, a supine position in the anterolateral approach reduces the time required for draping the patient and provides more stability when the hip is moved to check for impingement and for performing other femoral procedures. Anterior capsulotomy performed proximally near the acetabular rim with preservation of the anterior inferior capsule can preserve the blood supply from the MFCA.
Our subperiosteal flap dissection from the level of the lesser trochanter to the posterosuperior aspect of the femoral neck protects the MFCA from damage during more extensive surgery (when hip dislocation and proximal femoral osteotomy are required). When it is required to access the anterolateral and posterior aspect of the femoral head, or even the acetabulum, a trochanteric osteotomy can be performed to expose the whole capsule in the anterolateral approach. The short external rotators are carefully cut to facilitate hip dislocation with a Z-shaped capsulotomy, while the retinacular vessels entering the capsule at the inferior area of the superolateral neck are carefully protected as in hip dislocation performed through a posterior approach.
In conclusion, when a mild or moderate anterolateral bump accompanies FAI, an anterolateral approach can be considered as an alternative to the Ganz-type surgical hip dislocation through a posterior approach. We obtained satisfactory outcomes by using an anterolateral approach with or without hip dislocation. This approach allows inspection and treatment of the preoperatively evaluated anterolateral impingement site. Combined procedures in the proximal femur can be performed through the same approach.
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