Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intention of Nursing Students Based on Theory of Planned Behavior

Ye Jung Kim; Ji Young Lim

doi:10.11111/jkana.2019.25.3.175

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Kim and Lim: Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intention of Nursing Students Based on Theory of Planned Behavior

Original Article

J Korean Acad Nurs Adm 2019;25(3):175-185.

Published online: 17 January 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2019.25.3.175

Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intention of Nursing Students Based on Theory of Planned Behavior

Ye Jung Kim¹, Ji Young Lim^2,

¹Gimpo Airport Wooridul Hospital

²Department of Nursing, Inha University

Corresponding author: Lim, Ji Young, Department of Nursing, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea. Tel: +82-32-860-8210, Fax: +82-32-874-5880, E-mail: lim20712@inha.ac.kr

Received 19 December 2018 Revised 25 February 2019 Accepted 5 March 2019

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose:

Based on the theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing entrepreneurial intention in nursing students.

Methods:

Convenience sampling was used to recruit 434 participants from five nursing departments. The investigators used self-report questionnaires. The data were collected from October 25 to November 25, 2018. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and three-step hierarchical regression analysis.

Results:

Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control of the theory of planned behavior, and role model showed a significant effect on entrepreneurial intention. The explanatory power of the whole model was 63%.

Conclusion:

Based on the results of this study, we propose developing a nursing entrepreneurial education model focusing on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control in the theory of planned behavior.

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Keywords: Nursing, Students, Entrepreneurship, Intentions

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Table 1.

General Characteristics (N=434)

Variables	Categories	n (%) or M±SD
Gender	Female	352 (81.1)
	Male	82 (18.9)
Age (year)	19~24 25~29	342 (78.8) 60 (13.8)
	30~59	32 (7.4) 24.01±5.72
School year	3rd	234 (53.9)
	4th	200 (46.1)
Family start-up	Yes No	187 (43.1) 247 (56.9)
Experience in	Yes	109 (25.0)
entrepreneurship education	General elective Special lecture	60 (13.8) 38 (8.8)
	Start-up circle On-line class	9 (2.1) 2 (0.5)
	No	325 (75.0)
Region	Seoul Gyeonggi-do	97 (22.4) 90 (20.7)
	Chungcheong-do Gyeongsang-do	90 (20.7) 94 (21.7)
	Jeolla-do	63 (14.5)

Table 2.

Summary of Research Variables (N=434)

Variables	M±SD	Min	Max	Skewness	Kurtosis
Entrepreneurial intention	2.61±0.94	1.00	5.00	0.15	-0.40
Self-efficacy	3.64±0.60	1.43	5.00	-0.35	0.76
Need for achievement	3.73±0.53	2.00	5.00	-0.10	0.56
Entrepreneurship	3.34±0.55	1.92	5.00	0.17	0.32
Innovativeness	3.18±0.72	1.00	5.00	0.09	-0.35
Risk-taking	3.39±0.68	1.50	5.00	-0.22	0.09
Proactiveness	3.46±0.63	1.75	5.00	0.03	-0.21
Role model	2.60±0.89	1.00	4.83	-0.04	-0.70
Attitude	2.92±0.70	1.00	4.80	-0.22	-0.10
Subjective norm	2.88±0.92	1.00	5.00	-0.02	-0.39
Perceived behavior control	2.78±0.69	1.00	5.00	-0.31	0.45

Table 3.

Difference according to General Characteristics (N=434)

Variables		Entrepreneurial intention	Self-efficacy	Need for achievement	Innovativeness		Entrepreneurship				Risk-taking
	M±SD	Entrepreneurial intention	Self-efficacy	Need for achievement	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Gender	Female	2.56±0.93	-2.27	3.62±0.57	-1.41	3.71±0.52	-1.64	3.12±0.72	-3.16	3.34±0.69	-3.17
	Male	2.82±0.96	(.024)	3.74±0.72	(.163)	3.81±0.54	(.102)	3.40±0.67	(.002)	3.60±0.59	(.002)
Age	19~24^a 25~29^b 30~59^c	2.55±0.92 2.66±1.00 3.16±0.87	6.47 (.002) c＞a, b*	3.62±0.58 3.63±0.70 3.90±0.56	3.35 (.036) c＞a*	3.70±0.52 3.75±0.55 4.00±0.53	5.07 (.007) c＞a*	3.14±0.71 3.18±0.75 3.54±0.72	4.54 (.011) c＞a*	3.34±0.66 3.57±0.71 3.61±0.71	4.79 (.009) c＞a*
Year	3rd	2.51±0.94	-2.50	3.55±0.65	-3.24	3.68±0.56	-2.24	3.10±0.70	-2.54	3.32±0.69	-2.50
	4th	2.73±0.93	(.013)	3.74±0.53	(.001)	3.79±0.49	(.025)	3.27±0.73	(.011)	3.48±0.66	(.013)
Family start-up	Yes No	2.78±0.94 2.48±0.92	3.29 (.001)	3.68±0.56 3.61±0.63	1.13 (.259)	3.77±0.48 3.69±0.56	1.55 (.121)	3.24±0.69 3.12±0.74	1.74 (.082)	3.45±0.66 3.35±0.69	1.66 (.098)
Experience in EE	Yes	2.71±1.02	1.33	3.74±0.58	2.08	3.81±0.54	2.02	3.27±0.71	1.55	3.47±0.68	1.48
	No	2.58±0.91	(.185)	3.60±0.61	(.038)	3.70±0.52	(.044)	3.14±0.72	(.123)	3.36±0.67	(.141)
	Entrepreneurship Role m				model	Theory of planned behavior
Variables		Proactiveness				Attitu	ude	Subjective norm		PBC	C
		M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Gender	Female	3.45±0.63	-0.67	2.58±0.88	-1.17	2.88±0.71	-2.68	2.87±0.94	-0.73	2.74±0.70	-2.34
	Male	3.50±0.64	(.504)	2.71±0.93	(.244)	3.09±0.61	(.008)	2.95±0.82	(.463)	2.93±0.62	(.020)
Age	19~24^a 25~29^b 30~59^c	3.46±0.61 3.31±0.71 3.65±0.63	3.22 (.041) c＞b*	2.53±0.89 2.77±0.88 3.12±0.75	7.79 (＜.001) c＞a*	2.90±0.70 2.90±0.71 3.15±0.53	1.89 (.151)	2.85±0.90 2.82±1.08 3.33±0.69	4.21 (.015) c＞a, b*	2.74±0.69 2.78±0.76 3.14±0.44	4.86 (.008) c＞a*
Year	3rd 4th	3.41±0.65 3.51±0.61	-1.55 (.121)	2.57±0.92 2.65±0.85	-1.02 (.307)	2.85±0.68 3.00±0.70	-2.34 (.020)	2.88±0.90 2.89±0.94	-0.20 (.846)	2.71±0.67 2.86±0.70	-2.54 (.011)
Family start-up	Yes No	3.46±0.63 3.46±0.63	0.02 (.986)	3.06±0.81 2.26±0.79	10.27 (＜.001)	2.99±0.70 2.86±0.69	1.90 (.058)	3.02±0.91 2.78±0.91	2.80 (.005)	2.83±0.68 2.73±0.70	1.55 (.122)
Experience in EE	Yes	3.58±0.65	2.48	2.82±0.95	3.06	2.99±0.76	1.27	2.99±0.96	1.36	2.87±0.69	1.68
	No	3.41±0.62	(.013)	2.53±0.86	(.002)	2.89±0.67	(.206)	2.85±0.90	(.174)	2.74±0.69	(.094)

*Scheffé test; PBC=Perceived behavior control; EE=entrepreneurship education.

Table 4.

Correlations among Research Variables (N=434)

Variables	Entrepreneurial intention	Self-efficacy	Need for achievement	Entrepreneurship	Role model Attitude	Subjective norm
Variables	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p) r (p)	r (p)
Self-efficacy	.30 (＜.001)
Need for achievement	.26 (＜.001)	.76 (＜.001)
Entrepreneurship	.39 (＜.001)	.59 (＜.001)	.63 (＜.001)
Role model	.48 (＜.001)	.22 (＜.001)	.20 (＜.001)	.28 (＜.001)
Attitude	.70 (＜.001)	.27 (＜.001)	.23 (＜.001)	.35 (＜.001)	.31 (＜.001)
Subjective norm	.61 (＜.001)	.21 (＜.001)	.21 (＜.001)	.36 (＜.001)	.41 (＜.001) .69 (＜.001)
PBC	.69 (＜.001)	.34 (＜.001)	.32 (＜.001)	.44 (＜.001)	.37 (＜.001) .31 (＜.001)	.41 (＜.001)

PBC=Perceived behavior control.

Table 5.

Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intention (N=434)

Variables	Step 1					Step 2					Step 3
Variables	B	β	t	p	VIF	B	β	t	p	VIF	B	β	t	p	VIF
(Constant)	2.08		9.83	＜.001		-0.14		-0.42	.678		-1.07		-4.26	＜.001
Age	0.02	.13	2.64	.008	1.09	0.01	.06	1.30	.193	1.12	0.01	.04	1.38	.167	1.12
Gender* (Female)	-0.27	-.11	-2.35	.019	1.01	-0.13	-.06	-1.35	.177	1.04	-0.04	-.02	-0.57	.568	1.05
Year* (4th)	0.23	.12	2.49	.013	1.06	0.09	.05	1.18	.239	1.09	0.05	.02	0.77	.442	1.11
Family start-up* (Yes)	0.26	.14	2.86	.004	1.05	-0.09	-.05	-1.07	.286	1.28	-0.02	-.01	-0.29	.774	1.29
Experience in EE* (Yes)	0.08	.04	0.74	.462	1.05	-0.05	-.02	-0.59	.557	1.06	-0.06	-.03	-0.85	.397	1.06
Self-efficacy						0.17	.11	1.67	.095	2.51	0.06	.04	0.86	.388	2.54
Need for achievement						-0.12	-.07	-1.02	.310	2.70	-0.07	-.04	-0.76	.450	2.71
Entrepreneurship						0.40	.24	4.34	＜.001	1.84	0.07	.04	0.98	.328	1.99
Role model						0.44	.41	8.80	＜.001	1.38	0.23	.21	5.73	＜.001	1.56
Attitude											0.50	.37	8.63	＜.001	2.07
Subjective norm											0.12	.12	2.71	.007	2.15
PBC											0.34	.25	5.08	＜.001	2.67
		R²=.07					R² (ΔR²)=.32 (.25)					R² (ΔR²)=.63 (.31)
		Adj. R²=.06				A	Adj. R² (ΔR²)=.30 (.24			4)	Adj. R² (ΔR²)=.62 (.31)
		F=6.69, p＜.001 Durbin-Watson=1.75					F=22.00, p＜.001 Durbin-Watson=1.75				D	F=59.42, p＜.001 Durbin-Watson=1.75			5

*Dummy variables=Gender (Male=0, Female=1), Year (3rd=0, 4th=1), Family start-up (No=0, Yes=1), Experience in entrepreneurship education (No=0, Yes=1); PBC=Perceived behavior control; EE=entrepreneurship education.

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