A novel slit-integration method of graft urethroplasty in the prevention of ring recurrence: Short-term results of a pilot study

Abdulwahab Akanbi Ajape; Sulyman Alege Kuranga; Hamid Babajide Olanipekun; Taofiq Olayinka Mohammed

doi:10.4111/icu.2019.60.4.319

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Ajape, Kuranga, Olanipekun, and Mohammed: A novel slit-integration method of graft urethroplasty in the prevention of ring recurrence: Short-term results of a pilot study

Innovations in Urology

Investigative and Clinical Urology 2019; 60(4): 319-325.

Published online: 29 June 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.2019.60.4.319

A novel slit-integration method of graft urethroplasty in the prevention of ring recurrence: Short-term results of a pilot study

Abdulwahab Akanbi Ajape

, Sulyman Alege Kuranga, Hamid Babajide Olanipekun, Taofiq Olayinka Mohammed

Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: Abdulwahab Akanbi Ajape. Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria. TEL: +234-803-4570-982, ajsnrkudimoh@yahoo.co.uk

Received 8 March 2019 Accepted 15 April 2019

The Korean Urological Association

(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

To describe and evaluate the efficacy of the slit-integration method in the prevention of ring recurrence after graft substitution urethroplasty.

Materials and Methods

This was a pilot study of selected patients with urethral stricture disease who required urethroplasty from January 2016 to December 2018. Patients were recruited into the study after they granted informed consent about the procedure.

Results

A total of eight patients were involved in this pilot study. The mean age (±standard deviation, SD) of the patients and the mean stricture length (±SD) were 44.25 (±11.07) years and 3.88 (±1.25) cm, respectively. The peno-bulbar region was the most frequently involved. The majority of the patients, 7 of 8 patients, underwent buccal mucosal graft repair with a mean graft length of 5.88 cm (range, 4–8 cm). There was leak during pericatheter urethrography in one patient. The mean (±SD) urethral calibers of the distal and proximal urethral anastomotic sites following urethroplasty were 26.00 (±1.85) and 25.25 (±1.83) at 1 week after removal of the urethral catheter stent and 27.75 (±0.71) and 27.75 (±0.71) at 12 months postoperatively, respectively. The mean maximum flow rate (±SD) at the 6- and 12-month follow-up was 20.25 (±1.83) and 21.88 (±1.73) mL/s, respectively.

Conclusions

A slit-graft appropriately quilted into the corresponding urethrotomy incisions at the proximal and distal summit of the urethral stricture segments appears to mitigate the occurrence of ring contracture after urethroplasty. A randomized controlled trial of this technique with additional outcome assessment will be required to validate this observation.

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Keywords: Pericatheter urethrogram, Ring recurrence, Slit-graft urethroplasty, Urethral calibration, Urethral stricture

INTRODUCTION

Urethral stricture disease is a common cause of bladder outflow obstruction. Blunt perineal trauma, urethral catheterization or instrumentation, sexually transmitted diseases, and, more recently, lichen sclerosis are the most frequent causes of urethral stricture disease [1 2 3 4].

Open urethroplasty is regarded as the gold standard of treatment for urethral stricture disease and has a high success rate [5]. Although Turner-Warwick's admonition that the urethra is the best substitute for the urethra remains factual [5], urethral reconstruction with excision of the stricture segment and end-to-end spatulated anastomosis is significantly successful in those with a stricture length of 2 cm or less [6 7]. Various options have evolved for the reconstruction of those urethral strictures that are of long segments, that are multiple, or that involve the penile urethra, with no one treatment method suitable for all types of strictures [8]. The several options available for a urethra substitute, whether a graft or a flap, have all been associated with varying degrees of complications, including sacculation or diverticulum formation, post-void dribbling, recurrent stricture, and complications related to the donor sites, thus making selection of an appropriate treatment variable among urologists [9]. Experiences with the oral mucosa (buccal, lip, and lingual) in the last decade have reported satisfactory short- and long-term outcomes [3 5 10 11 12 13 14]. Oral mucosa combines the advantages of being readily available, being easy to harvest, being hairless with a thin vascular lamina propria that facilitates graft vascularization, and having a thick epithelial layer rich in elastin that makes it resilient when handling and with low oral/donor site morbidity. Despite the inherent merits that have been credited to oral mucosal substitute, one of the most challenging and significant complications after urethral stricture surgery is stricture recurrence.

The rate of recurrence after use of a buccal mucosa graft (BuMG) for bulbar urethra stricture may be as high as 20% depending on the definition and measure of outcome, which may include validated questionnaires, uroflowmetry, post-void residual, urethrography, urethrocystoscopy, calibration, and other measures. Most recurrences occur in the first 2 years after surgery [5 11 14 15 16]. The most frequent site of recurrence is the proximal or distal anastomotic end [5 11 14 15 16]. It was believed that proximal recurrence might be due to undertreatment of the stricture at the site of recurrence; thus, modification in operative technique may decrease the incidence of failure at these points. Extending the urethral incision 5 mm into the normal urethra and suturing the proximal and distal anastomotic ends of the buccal graft with six simple interrupted sutures to “tack open” the distal and proximal graft ends in the hopes of decreasing the rate of recurrence has been reported [16 17]. Strictures at the proximal or distal graft sites are referred to as “ring recurrences” by Barbagli et al. [18] and are reported to be easily treated with a single direct visual internal urethrotomy (DVIU). Their successful treatment also increases the success rates of BuMG in most series to 94% to 100% [17].

Theoretically, incorporating modifications into established surgical techniques of urethroplasty to prevent ring recurrence and other such complications will improve the success rates of the treatment of patients with urethral stricture irrespective of the outcome measures used. We hereby describe and report the outcome of a slit-incorporated graft urethroplasty technique that was introduced to prevent ring recurrence. Our study objective was to describe a novel technique of “Ilorin slit” urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture and to document the short-term outcome of its use in the management of urethral stricture disease.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a pilot, prospective, descriptive study of selected patients with urethral stricture disease who required urethroplasty from January 2016 through December 2018. Patients were recruited into the study after they granted informed consent about the procedure.

The biodata and clinical information of the patients was noted; the results of hematological, biochemical, and microbiological investigations and radiological studies (retrograde urethrography [RUG] or RUG combined with voiding cysto-urethrography [VCUG]) were also documented.

1. Surgical technique

All patients were routinely evaluated in the outpatient clinic and were only admitted 1 day before surgery, unless otherwise necessary and indicated. The bladder was thoroughly lavaged through the suprapubic cystostomy tube (which was more often present than not) with 0.1% povidone iodine in normal saline (10 mL of 10% povidone iodine in 1,000 mL of normal saline) until the effluent was clear.

All patients selected had stricture limited to the penile and distal bulbar to allow for effective treatment with our technical modification (Fig. 1). The anesthesia technique and the initial procedures of exposure were as described earlier [4 16 19 20 21].

Fig. 1

Retrograde urethrogram (of one of our patients) demonstrating peno-bulbar urethral stricture.

After the initial exposure of the urethra, a ventral sagittal stricturotomy was performed as described by Asopa et al. [22] to expose the urethral lumen and open the stricture segment. Our modification involves dorsal sagittal stricturotomy of the opened urethral stricture segment, with the dorsal urethral incision extending 5 mm into the normal urethra as a midline incision and an additional 5-mm incision as two sides of an isosceles triangle given an arrowhead-shaped urethral plate in the middle, both proximally and distally (Figs. 2, 3). The urethral plate is then mobilized laterally from the corpus cavernosa to create a wide bed for the BuMG placement.

Fig. 2

‘Slit-graft’ incorporation on the dorsal urethrotomy graft bed.

Fig. 3

Schematic representation of ‘slit-graft’ incorporation anastomosis.

An appropriate length and width of BuMG is taken from the cheek(s) and defatted, and a corresponding 5-mm midline incision is made on both ends of the graft (Fig. 4). The graft is then quilted and sutured to the urethral mucosa of the stricturotomy site in the usual manner of watertight (5-mm apart), tension-free (2-mm needle entrance from graft and urethra edges), interrupted anastomosis. The ventral sagittal stricturotomy is then closed over a 16-F 2-way silicone Foley catheter inserted into the bladder via the external meatus and spongiorrhapy is done. The perineal wound is then closed with simple interrupted mattress stiches.

Fig. 4

Harvested ‘slit-incorporated’ graft (full-thickness skin graft) ready to be used for grafting.

The postoperative care entails antibiotics, analgesics, and fluid therapy. The urethral catheter is removed after 3 weeks following a satisfactory pericatheter RUG; this is followed by a scheduled urethral calibration at 1 week, 1 month, and every 3 months following surgery.

2. Urethral calibration

The urethral calibration aimed to deduce the approximate luminal diameter at both the distal and proximal anastomotic sites. Before the procedure, parenteral antibiotics were administered prophylactically (gentamicin 80 mg) and 20 mL of 2% xylocaine gel was instilled into the urethra. The xylocaine was allowed about 5 minutes to exert a local analgesic effect. A graded insertion of a Clutton bougie set, starting with the largest size (28/32 F), was then undertaken to determine the size that the distal and proximal anastomosis sites admitted; these were taken as the size of the anastomotic rings with which subsequent dimensions were compared. Any resistance, after the external meatus had been entered, was presumed to be the distal anastomotic site (this was done side-by-side with the preoperative RUG), and the size of bougie that it admitted was recorded as the size of the distal anastomosis. After the distal site was calibrated, the proximal site of anastomosis was calibrated in a similar manner to document the caliber. At each visit, the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) was evaluated, and uroflowmetry was done 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Only the lower value of the Clutton bougie was recorded so as not to complicate the data analysis. Patients who had completed at least 12 months of follow-up were included for this report.

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RESULTS

A total of eight patients were involved in this pilot study. The patients' mean age (±standard deviation, SD) was 44.25 (±11.07) years (range, 28–55 years) and the mean intraoperative stricture length (±SD) was 3.88 (±1.25) cm (range, 2–6 cm). All patients were male, and seven were married. The peno-bulbar segment of the urethra was the most frequently involved. Only one patient was treated for mid-penile urethral stricture after previously treated hypospadias (Table 1).

Table 1

Patient characteristics and treatment outcomes

Serial number	Age (y)	Sex	Marital status	Stricture site	IOSL (cm)	Graft tissue	Graft placement	PRUG	Qmax6	Qmax12
1	49	Male	Married	Distal bulbar	4	BuMG	Dorsal inlay	No leak	20	22
2	51	Male	Married	Peno-bulbar	3	BuMG	Dorsal inlay	No leak	18	24
3	38	Male	Married	Peno-bulbar	2	BuMG	Ventral onlay	Leaked	21	22
4	55	Male	Married	Peno-bulbar	4	FTSG	Dorsal inlay	No leak	22	20
5	28	Male	Single	Mid-penile	6	BuMG	Dorsal inlay	No leak	19	23
6	49	Male	Married	Distal bulbar	4	BuMG	Dorsal inlay	No leak	23	20
7	55	Male	Married	Peno-bulbar	3	BuMG	Ventral onlay	No leak	21	20
8	29	Male	Married	Peno-bulbar	5	BuMG	Dorsal inlay	No leak	18	24

IOSL, intraoperative stricture length; PRUG, postoperative retrograde urethrogram; Qmax₆, maximal flow rate at 6 months; Qmax₁₂, maximal flow rate at 12 months; BuMG, buccal mucosal graft; FTSG, full-thickness skin graft.

The majority of the patients (7 of 8) had BuMG urethroplasty with a graft length of 5.88 cm (range, 4–8 cm). Dorsal inlay of the graft was done in six of eight patients, while the remaining two patients had ventral onlay.

There was leak in one of the patients during the routine pericatheter urethrography done at 3 weeks postoperatively, necessitating a delay in urethral catheter removal for another 1 week. The mean (±SD) urethral caliber of the distal and proximal urethral repair points was 26.00 (±1.85) and 25.25 (±1.83) at 1 week after removal of the urethra catheter stent and 27.75 (±0.71) and 27.75 (±0.71) at 12 months postoperatively, respectively. The mean maximum flow rate (Qmax) (±SD) at the 6- and 12-month follow-up was 20.25 (±1.83) and 21.88 (±1.73) mL/s, respectively.

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DISCUSSION

Interest in the use of a free graft for urethroplasty was reawakened after the publication of several reports from Barbagli et al. [16 18], Elliott et al. [15], Kellner et al. [23], and Mungadi and Ugboko [24]. The many advantages of a BuMG over a skin graft have been enumerated, and this has earned the BuMG its place as the gold standard of the free graft tissues used for urethroplasty [12]. Success rates of 80% to 100% have been reported in several series [17 18].

Despite the impressive attributes of BuMG, Barbagli and other authors have also reported incidences of recurrent stricture in the range of 0% to 20%, with interesting findings of either extensive fibrous tissue of the whole grafted tissue or a fibrous ring stricture at either the proximal and/or the distal anastomotic site [17 18]. The recurrence of a fibrous ring often requires further treatment such as DVIU or urethral dilatation, unlike redo urethroplasty for a repeat stricture of the whole grafted tissue [14 15 16 18 22 23 24].

In this pilot study, where slit-integration (“Ilorin slit”) was incorporated into the graft technique of urethroplasty, the mean age of the male patients studied was 44.25 (±11.07) years and the mean stricture length was 3.88 (±1.25) cm; these findings confirmed previous reports that have put the mean age of patients with urethral stricture occurrence in the third and fourth decades of life [6 17], although stricture length varies widely.

All our patients underwent RUG for confirmation of their urethral stricture, and this was adequate for the diagnosis. However, many authors have also advocated the combined use of VCUG, sono-urethrogram, uroflowmetry, and urethro-cystoscopy in the diagnosis of urethral stricture [25]. Our restriction to RUG alone was not unconnected with the cost, since the majority of our patients paid “out-of-pocket” for the services rendered; however, RUG was adequate for defining the anatomy of the urethral stricture in all our patients. This agrees with the observation of Zimmerman and Santucci [26].

Most of the strictures in this study involved the bulbar urethra (7 of 8 patients), with extension distally to the proximal penile urethra in five cases. Only one patient had a mid-penile stricture after management for hypospadias (Table 1). This finding may be due to the selection of the patients for this pilot study, such that both proximal and distal slit-integration could be adequately coopted into the graft bed. Our findings, however, were similar to those reported by Sawant et al. [17].

Pericatheter RUG at 3 weeks postoperatively is part of the standard of care for post-urethroplasty patients in our practice. All our patients had free contrast flow into the bladder, signifying intact repair, except for one patient who had a leak necessitating delay in urethral catheter stent removal for an additional 1 week.

An objective follow-up protocol is necessary, especially for early detection of recurrent urethral stricture, which constitutes a significant outcome measure following urethroplasty. Unfortunately, however, there is as yet no consensus on the best mode or duration of follow-up after urethroplasty [27]. Both subjective and objective measures have been documented to be used for postoperative assessment of outcome following urethroplasty; these include the IPSS, uroflowmetry, post-void residual volume, RUG, VCUG, urethral calibration, and cystoscopy, among others [28].

The use of the IPSS or uroflowmetry is not appropriate to objectively assess the diameter of the urethral lumen, especially at the anastomotic sites, which was the major consideration in the present study. This is because the symptom scores are subjective and there may be no change in uroflowmetry until the dimension of the urethral lumen is less than 10 to 12 F [27]. The mean Qmax (±SD) at the 6-month and 12-month follow-up was 20.25 (±1.83) and 21.88 (±1.73) mL/s, respectively, in this study. These figures do not signify evidence of obstruction but may not really reflect the caliber of the urethra, especially at the points of anastomosis.

Anatomical changes usually precede impediment of urinary flow; thus, a direct assessment of such anatomical changes will provide a more sensitive, reliable, and reproduceable measure of outcome. Measures of outcome such as the RUG, VCUG, cystoscopy, and urethral calibration were used to assess the anatomical changes; among these methods, cystoscopy has been said to be the most accurate means of detecting stricture recurrence, but this comes with associated cost [27 29 30].

The accuracy of RUG in identifying the size of the anastomotic site after urethroplasty will be subject to several confounding factors, including operator experience, degree of urethral distention, and angle of radiograph projection; furthermore, RUG involves exposure of the patient to irradiation, inconvenience, and cost [29]. For the reasons stated above, RUG was not used to assess the anastomotic sites in the present study.

Urethral calibration has also been proposed as a useful tool for the assessment of outcome after urethroplasty [27]. Whereas interpretation of urethrography has been said to be variable, urethral calibration has been found to provide evidence of anatomical recurrence; thus, its use in this study.

All the patients in the present study had scheduled urethral calibration with a Clutton bougie starting 1 week after removal of the urethral catheter. The mean (±SD) urethral calibers of the distal and proximal urethral anastomotic sites were 26.00 (±1.85) and 25.25 (±1.83) at 1 week after removal of the urethral catheter stent and 27.75 (±0.71) and 27.75 (±0.71) at 12 months postoperatively, respectively (Table 2). Although the preoperative size of the urethral lumen was not documented, it has been proven that the lumen should be less than 16 F for stricture to be symptomatic in patients [1]. Thus, the mean value of the the urethral diameter (at both the distal and proximal anastomotic sites) at 1 week and 12 months after urethroplasty in the present study does not show evidence of ring recurrence at the anastomotic sites. Further randomized controlled trials involving other measures of outcome will be needed to confirm this observation.

Table 2

Mean value of the Clutton bougie size of the distal and proximal anastomotic sites at various times of follow-up

Follow-up period	Clutton bougie		Qmax (mL/s)
Follow-up period	Proximal	Distal	Qmax (mL/s)
1st week	25.25±1.83	26.00±1.85
1 month	27.00±1.51	27.00±1.51
3 months	27.25±1.04	27.25±1.04
6 months	27.25±1.04	27.25±1.04	20.25±1.83
9 months	27.75±0.71	27.75±0.71
12 months	27.75±0.71	27.75±0.71	21.88±1.73

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

Qmax, maximal flow rate.

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CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, interposition of a slit-graft appropriately quilted into the corresponding Y and inverted Y sliturethrotomy incisions, at the proximal and distal summit of the urethral stricture segments, appears to lessen the occurrence of ring contracture following urethroplasty. A randomized controlled trial of this technique with additional outcome assessment techniques will be required to validate this observation.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank Mr. Balogun David for the schematic drawing presented in Fig. 3.

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Notes

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors have nothing to disclose.

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