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Woo and Jung: Biomechanical Analysis of Femoral Diaphyseal Cross-sectional Properties from the Three Kingdoms Period Populations, Korea
Original Article

Anat Biol Anthropol 2019;32(1):23-29.

Published online: 20 January 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11637/aba.2019.32.1.23

Biomechanical Analysis of Femoral Diaphyseal Cross-sectional Properties from the Three Kingdoms Period Populations, Korea

Eun Jin Woo1, Hyunwoo Jung2

1Department of History, College of Liberal Arts, Sejong University

2Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, SUNY

Received 11 March 2019       Revised 22 March 2019       Accepted 22 March 2019

Copyright © 2019 Korean Association of Physical Anthropologists

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to examine and report the biomechanical characteristics of the past populations that lived in different environments during the Three Kingdom Period of ancient Korea. In this research, the cross-sectional size of the femoral subtrochanter region and mid-shaft was measured for the human skeletal remains excavated from the Three Kingdoms Period sites: Imdang and Yean-ri site. The results showed that two populations were grouped into the platymeric category. Moreover, female groups were more platymeric than males. The difference in platymeric index between populations was significant only among female groups with the samples of Imdang site more platymeric than those of Yean-ri site. Meanwhile, pilasteric indexes in two populations were similar level. This study is the first report of the mechanical characteristics in the Three Kingdoms Period population. Yet, for more detailed understanding, it is necessary to investigate more individuals of indicators for biomechanical loading in ancient Korean populations.

Keywords: Activity level, Femur, Platymeric index, Pilasteric index, Mechanical stress

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Fig. 1.
Cross sections of femora, adapted from [17,18]
aba-32-23f1.tif
Fig. 2.
Comparison of femoral measurements and indices by site.
aba-32-23f2.tif
Table 1.
Sample analyzed in this stutdy
Site Period Male N Female N Total
Imdang, Gyeongsan 3–7th centuries 29 20 49
Yean-ri, Gimhae 4–7th centuries 15 16 31
Table 2.
Femoral measurements (mm) and indices from the Imdang site
    Side Males Females Total
    N Mean N Mean N Mean
Subtrochanter A-P Right 20 25.3∗∗ 10 22.3∗∗ 30 23.8
Left 20 25.1∗∗ 11 22.3∗∗ 31 23.7
M-L Right 20 31.8∗ 11 30.1∗ 31 30.91
Left 20 31.6∗ 12 30.3∗ 32 30.91
Platymeric Right 20 79.9∗ 10 74.1∗ 30 77
Left 20 80.0∗ 11 73.3∗ 31 76.64
Midshaft A-P Right 10 28.9∗ 9 26.5∗ 19 27.67
Left 18 29.5∗∗ 11 26.3∗∗ 29 27.91
M-L Right 10 28.0∗∗ 10 25.6∗∗ 20 26.77
Left 18 28.8∗∗ 11 26.3∗∗ 29 27.54
Pilasteric Right 10 103.4 9 103.0 19 103.21
Left 18 103.0 11 99.8 29 101.43

∗ ∗∗significantly different at P<0.05, P<0.01 respectively

Table 3.
Femoral measurements (mm) and indices from the Yean-ri site
    Side Males Females Total
    N Mean N Mean N Mean
Subtrochanter A-P Right 13 25.8∗∗ 14 23.2∗∗ 27 24.5
Left 10 25.0∗∗ 12 22.6∗∗ 22 23.8
M-L Right 13 31.8 14 30.1 27 30.9
Left 10 32.3∗ 12 30.1∗ 22 31.2
Platymeric Right 13 81.6 14 77.4 27 79.5
Left 10 77.7 12 75.2 22 76.4
Midshaft A-P Right 12 28.4∗∗ 12 25.5∗∗ 24 26.9
Left 10 28.4∗∗ 11 25.0∗∗ 21 26.7
M-L Right 12 27.1∗ 12 25.4∗ 24 26.2
Left 10 27.0 11 25.5 21 26.2
Pilasteric Right 12 104.8 12 100.6 24 102.7
Left 10 105.1∗ 11 98.1∗ 21 101.6

∗ ∗∗significantly different at P<0.05, P<0.01 respectively

Table 4.
Comparison of femoral measurements (mm) and indices
Site Side Males Females
Imdang Yean-ri Imdang Yean-ri
N Mean N Mean N Mean N Mean
Subtrochanter
A-P R 20 25.3 13 25.8 10 22.3∗∗ 14 23.2∗∗
L 20 25.1 10 25.0 11 22.3∗ 12 22.6∗
M-L R 20 31.7 13 31.8 11 30.1 14 30.1
L 20 31.6 10 32.3 12 30.3 12 30.1
Platymeric R 20 79.8 13 81.6 10 74.1 14 77.4
L 20 79.9 10 77.7 11 73.3 12 75.2
Midshaft
A-P R 10 28.9 12 28.4 9 26.5∗∗ 12 25.5∗∗
L 18 29.5 10 28.4 11 26.3∗∗ 11 25.0∗∗
M-L R 10 28.0 12 27.1 10 25.6 12 25.4
L 18 28.8∗∗ 10 27.0∗∗ 11 26.3 11 25.5
Pilasteric R 10 103.4 12 104.8 9 103.0∗∗ 12 100.6∗∗
L 18 103.0 10 105.2 11 99.8∗∗ 11 98.1∗∗

∗ ∗∗significantly different at P<0.05, P<0.01 respectively

Table 5.
Comparison with Eunpyeong population (Based on the right side)
Population Period Platymeric Pilasteric
Male Female Male Female
Imdang, Gyeongsan in this study 3–7 th C 79.8 74.1 103.4 100.6
Yean-ri, Gimhae in this study 4–7 th C 81.6 77.4 104.8 100.6
Eunpyeong, Seoul [8] 15–18 th C 78.9 73.2 105.2 92.5
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