Impact of Anxiety, Social Support, and Taegyo Practice on Maternal-Fetal Attachment in Pregnant Women Having an Abortion

BuKyung Kim; Mi-Hae Sung

doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2019.25.2.182

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Kim and Sung: Impact of Anxiety, Social Support, and Taegyo Practice on Maternal-Fetal Attachment in Pregnant Women Having an Abortion

Original Article

Korean J Women Health Nurs 2019;25(2):182-193.

Published online: 19 June 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2019.25.2.182

Impact of Anxiety, Social Support, and Taegyo Practice on Maternal-Fetal Attachment in Pregnant Women Having an Abortion

BuKyung Kim¹, Mi-Hae Sung^2,

¹Graduate Student, Inje University, Busan, Korea

²Professor, Department of Nursing · Institute of Health Science, Inje University, Busan, Korea

Corresponding author: Mi-Hae Sung Department of Nursing · Institute of Health Science, College of Medicine, Inje University, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea. Tel: +82-51-890-6825 Fax: +82-51-896-9840 E-mail: nursmh@inje.ac.kr

Received 26 April 2019 Revised 4 May 2019 Accepted 5 May 2019

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose:

The purpose of the study was to identify effects of anxiety, social support, and Taegyo practice toward maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant women having an abortion.

Method:

Participants included 99 pregnant women having an abortion, who participated in this study. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression with the SPSS WIN 23.0 program.

Results:

Maternal-fetal attachment was significantly negatively correlated with anxiety, and significantly positively correlated with social support and Taegyo practice. Spousal support and Taegyo practice, explained 43.8% of participants' maternal-fetal attachment.

Conclusion:

Results indicate that less anxiety and more social support, and Taegyo practice in pregnant women having an abortion, were associated with stronger maternal-fetal attachment. To strengthen the maternal-fetal attachment of pregnant women having an abortion experience, it would be necessary to develop and implement the Taegyo program, focusing on practicing Tae-gyo-related encouragement. Additionally, it is recommended that nursing intervention is provided, to encourage families to participate in the Taegyo practice together throughout the gestational period, and to maintain a positive relationship among partners.

Keywords: Abortion, Anxiety, Social support, Pregnant women, Attachment

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Table 1.

Differences of Maternal-Fetal Attachment according to General and Obstetric Characteristics (N=99)

Characteristics	Categories	n(%)	M±SD	t/F	p
Age (year)	≤30	29 (29.3)	81.24±13.71	0.17	.840
	31–35	45 (45.5)	81.36±11.12
	≥36	25 (25.3)	79.76±8.52
Marital age (year)	≤25	17 (17.2)	82.35±10.71	1.05	.350
	26–30	46 (46.5)	82.09±11.98
	≥31	36 (36.4)	78.75±10.59
Length of marriage (month)	≤23	28 (28.3)	80.64±12.49	0.32	.725
	24–59	48 (48.5)	80.29±12.32
	≥60	23 (23.2)	82.57±6.95
Level of education	≤High school	19 (19.2)	79.68±14.33	−0.53	.598
	≥Bachelor	80 (80.8)	81.21±10.53
Occupation	Yes	51 (51.5)	80.51±11.52	−0.37	.712
	No	48 (48.5)	81.35±11.15
Monthly family income (10,000 won)	≤300	31 (31.3)	77.52±12.66	2.12	.125
	301–500	40 (40.4)	82.73±11.96
	≥501	28 (28.3)	82.11±7.64
Religion	Yes	33 (33.3)	84.79±8.37	2.79	.007
	No	66 (66.7)	78.98±12.10
Living together	Spouse	84 (84.8)	80.44±11.46	−1.00	.321
	Spouse+other family	15 (15.2)	83.60±10.25
Gestational period (week)	≤19	27 (27.3)	78.70±13.96	0.72	.489
	20–29	32 (32.3)	81.53±10.15
	≥30	40 (40.4)	81.93±10.18
Type of abortion	Spontaneous^a	72 (72.7)	81.90±11.05	3.09	.050 (c>b)^∗
	Induced^b	20 (20.2)	75.75±11.97
	Both^c	7 (7.1)	85.57±7.59
Number of abortion	1	70 (70.7)	81.24±11.73	0.44	.660
	≥2	29 (29.3)	80.14±10.30
Number of spontaneous abortion	0	20 (20.2)	75.75±11.97	2.83	.064
	1	64 (64.6)	82.50±10.95
	≥2	15 (15.2)	81.07±10.43
Number of induced abortion	0	72 (72.7)	81.90±11.05	1.23	.296
	1	17 (17.2)	79.41±12.67
	≥2	10 (10.1)	76.40±10.22
Planned pregnancy	Yes	93 (93.9)	81.23±11.39	1.06	.290
	No	6 (6.1)	76.17±9.02

M±SD=mean±standard deviation. ∗Scheffé test.

Table 2.

Degree of Anxiety, Social Support, Taegyo Practice, and Maternal-Fetal Attachment (N=99)

Variables	M±SD	Min	Max	Range
Anxiety	41.70±10.30	21	78	20–80
Social support
Total	107.89±20.37	39	132	22–132
Spouse	55.75±9.77	15	66	11–66
Others	52.14±12.03	15	66	11–66
Taegyo practice
Total	145.35±20.01	84	185	37–185
Encourage	70.68±11.12	43	95	19–95
Taboo	74.68±12.42	29	90	18–90
Maternal-fetal attachment	80.92±11.29	43	96	24–96

M±SD=mean±standard deviation.

Table 3.

Correlations among Anxiety, Social Support, Taegyo Practice, and Maternal-Fetal Attachment (N=99)

Variables		Anxiety		Social support			Taegyo practice		Maternal-fetal
			Total	Spouse	Others	Total	Encourage	Taboo	attachment
		r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
Anxiety		1
Social support	Total	−.29 (.004)	1
	Spouse	−.25 (.011)	.91 (<.001)	1
	Others	−.28 (.004)	.94 (<.001)	.74 (<.001)	1
Taegyo practice	Total	−.24 (.016)	.34 (<.001)	.34 (<.001)	.30 (.002)	1
	Encourage	−.31 (.002)	.37 (<.001)	.36 (<.001)	.34 (<.001)	.83 (<.001)	1
	Taboo	−.10 (.286)	.22 (.029)	.23 (.018)	.18 (.075)	.86 (<.001)	.44 (<.001)	1
Maternal-fetal attachment		−.31 (.001)	.38 (<.001)	.42 (<.001)	.30 (.002)	.53 (<.001)	.62 (<.001)	.31 (.002)	1

Table 4.

Factors Affecting Maternal-Fetal Attachment (N=99)

Variables	B	SE	β	t	p	Adj. R²	F (p)
Constant	42.69	10.43		4.09	<.001	.438	10.56 (<.001)
Religion^∗
Yes	3.65	1.96	.15	1.86	.066
Type of abortion^∗
Spontaneous abortion	2.29	2.23	.09	1.03	.307
Both	4.84	3.82	.11	1.27	.208
Anxiety	−0.13	0.09	−.12	−1.49	.139
Social support
Spouse	0.39	0.14	.34	2.85	.005
Others	−0.20	0.11	−.22	−1.80	.075
Taegyo practice
Encourage	0.47	0.10	.47	4.97	<.001
Taboo	0.05	0.08	.05	0.59	.557

B=unstandardized coefficients; SE=standard error; β=standardized coefficients; Adj. R

² =adjusted coefficient of determination R

² . ∗Dummy variables: religion reference=no; type of abortion reference=induced abortion.

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