Relationships between Obesity, Body Image Perception, and Weight Control in Adult Women

Hyunju Chae

doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2019.25.2.129

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Chae: Relationships between Obesity, Body Image Perception, and Weight Control in Adult Women

Original Article

Korean J Women Health Nurs 2019;25(2):129-142.

Published online: 19 June 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2019.25.2.129

Relationships between Obesity, Body Image Perception, and Weight Control in Adult Women

Hyunju Chae

Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Joongbu University, Geumsan, Korea

Corresponding author: Hyunju Chae Department of Nursing, Joongbu University, 201 Daehak-ro, Chubu-myeon, Geumsan 32713, Korea. Tel: +82-41-750-6912 Fax: +82-41-750-6166 E-mail: hjchae@joongbu.ac.kr

Received 20 February 2019 Revised 10 May 2019 Accepted 16 May 2019

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity, body image perception, and weight control for obesity management in adult women.

Methods:

The subjects of this study were 3,617 women aged over 19 years, who participated in the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016. Data were analyzed through complex sampling design data analysis.

Results:

Right body image perception according to obesity was apparent between 70.6–81.7% of women and 76.5% of women with abdominal obesity perceived that they were normal. Obese women performed more weight control than non-obese women. Women with only abdominal obesity performed less weight control than non-obese women, and 47.3% of them performed weight control. Women who perceived themselves as obese performed more weight control than women who perceived themselves as non-obese (odds ratio, 2.08; confidence interval, 1.69–2.57), but body mass index was not observed to be associated with weight control.

Conclusions:

Education on abdominal obesity should be provided to increase awareness about abdominal obesity and its effective management, especially in women with only abdominal obesity. In addition, interventions for right body type perception should be provided for proper weight control along with prevention and management of obesity.

Keywords: Body mass index, Abdominal obesity, Body image, Obesity management, Women

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Table 1.

Obesity, Body Image Perception, and Weight Control according to General Characteristics (N=3,617)

Variables		n	Body mass index		Waist circumference		Body image perception		Weight control
			Non-obesity	Obesity	Normal	Obesity	Non-obesity	Obesity	Yes	No
			% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)
Total		3,617	50.1 (1.0)	49.9 (1.0)	71.7 (1.1)	28.3 (1.1)	52.7 (1.0)	47.3 (1.0)	66.0 (1.1)	34.0 (1.1)
Age (year)	19–29	600	70.8 (2.5)	29.2 (2.5)	88.2 (1.9)	11.8 (1.9)	58.5 (2.8)	41.5 (2.8)	75.6 (2.5)	24.4 (2.5)
	30–39	637	61.8 (2.1)	38.2 (2.1)	78.9 (1.9)	21.1 (1.9)	49.4 (2.0)	50.6 (2.0)	71.8 (1.9)	28.2 (1.9)
	40–49	734	50.4 (2.4)	49.6 (2.4)	75.6 (2.2)	24.4 (2.2)	47.0 (2.4)	53.0 (2.4)	70.7 (1.9)	29.3 (1.9)
	50–59	713	42.8 (2.4)	57.2 (2.4)	72.3 (2.2)	27.7 (2.2)	51.5 (2.3)	48.5 (2.3)	73.4 (1.9)	26.6 (1.9)
	60–69	459	34.0 (2.2)	66.0 (2.2)	59.8 (2.4)	40.2 (2.4)	48.7 (2.4)	51.3 (2.4)	61.8 (2.6)	38.2 (2.6)
	≥70	474	33.6 (2.3)	66.4 (2.3)	46.1 (2.4)	53.9 (2.4)	64.9 (2.3)	35.1 (2.3)	31.1 (2.3)	68.9 (2.3)
		χ² (p)	913.13 (<.001)		836.40 (<.001)		752.83 (<.001)		795.53 (<.001)
Education	Elementary school	756	29.4 (2.1)	70.6 (2.1)	47.3 (2.3)	52.7 (2.3)	53.9 (2.2)	46.1 (2.2)	44.3 (2.1)	55.7 (2.1)
	Middle school	343	39.1 (3.0)	60.9 (3.0)	67.6 (2.7)	32.4 (2.7)	50.4 (3.0)	49.6 (3.0)	64.0 (2.8)	36.0 (2.8)
	High school	1,277	51.2 (1.7)	48.8 (1.7)	76.4 (1.5)	23.6 (1.5)	49.5 (1.5)	50.5 (1.5)	72.7 (1.8)	27.3 (1.8)
	≥University	1,241	65.0 (1.7)	35.0 (1.7)	82.6 (1.4)	17.6 (1.4)	55.2 (1.9)	44.8 (1.9)	73.6 (1.6)	26.4 (1.6)
		χ² (p)	234.81 (<.001)		285.35 (<.001)		8.53 (.073)		198.53 (<.001)
Marriage	Married	2,984	45.4 (1.2)	54.6 (1.2)	67.9 (1.2)	32.1 (1.2)	51.3 (1.1)	48.7 (1.1)	64.0 (1.1)	36.0 (1.1)
	Unmarried	633	72.0 (2.2)	28.0 (2.2)	89.8 (1.5)	10.2 (1.5)	59.4 (2.5)	40.6 (2.5)	75.4 (2.5)	24.6 (2.5)
		χ² (p)	142.19 (<.001)		118.48 (<.001)		12.91 (.005)		28.92 (<.001)
Income	Low	669	36.4 (2.6)	63.6 (2.6)	54.6 (2.6)	45.4 (2.6)	53.5 (2.4)	46.5 (2.4)	48.3 (2.3)	51.7 (2.3)
	Low & middle	857	46.2 (2.1)	53.8 (2.1)	68.5 (1.7)	31.5 (1.7)	51.1 (2.0)	48.9 (2.0)	64.4 (1.8)	35.6 (1.8)
	Middle & high	1,024	52.0 (1.8)	48.0 (1.8)	74.0 (1.8)	26.0 (1.8)	51.7 (1.8)	48.3 (1.8)	69.8 (1.8)	30.2 (1.8)
	High	1,067	59.8 (1.9)	40.2 (1.9)	83.3 (1.4)	16.7 (1.4)	54.3 (2.1)	45.7 (2.1)	75.0 (1.4)	25.0 (1.4)
		χ² (p)	92.90 (<.001)		166.63 (<.001)		2.48 (.613)		130.63 (<.001)
Occupation	Yes	1,751	53.3 (1.6)	46.7 (1.6)	76.5 (1.3)	23.5 (1.3)	52.2 (1.5)	47.8 (1.5)	69.2 (1.4)	30.8 (1.4)
	No	1,866	46.9 (1.4)	53.1 (1.4)	67.2 (1.5)	32.8 (1.5)	53.2 (1.4)	46.8 (1.4)	63.0 (1.5)	37.0 (1.5)
		χ² (p)	13.96 (.001)		37.15 (<.001)		0.38 (.587)		14.44 (.001)

SE=standard error.

Table 2.

Body Image Perception according to Obesity (N=3,617

Variables		n		Body image perception
			Normal	Obesity	χ² (p)
			% (SE)	% (SE)
BMI	Non-obesity	1,812	82.0 (1.1)	18.0 (1.1)	1,182.76 (<.001)
	Obesity	1,805	23.3 (1.2)	76.6 (1.2)
WC	Normal	2,593	65.3 (1.2)	34.7 (1.2)	546.02 (<.001)
	Obesity	1,024	21.0 (1.6)	79.0 (1.6)
BMI & WC	Both non-obesity	1,765	82.1 (1.1)	17.9 (1.1)	1,196.85 (<.001)
	Abdominal obesity only	47	76.5 (7.4)	23.5 (7.4)
	BMI obesity only	828	29.4 (2.0)	70.6 (2.0)
	Both obesity	977	18.3 (1.5)	81.7 (1.5)

SE=standard error; BMI=body mass index; WC=waist circumference.

Table 3.

Weight Control according to Obesity and Body Image Perception (N=3,167)

Variables		n	Weight control					Weight control method
					Exer	cise	Meal control		Fasting, meal skip, one-food diet		Medication, health functional food
			Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
			% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)	% (SE)
BMI	Non-obesity	1,812	61.1 (1.4)	38.9 (1.4)	60.1 (2.3)	39.9 (2.3)	62.9 (1.6)	37.1 (1.6)	15.7 (1.8)	84.3 (1.8)	11.5 (1.5)	88.5 (1.5)
	Obesity	1,805	70.9 (1.3)	29.0 (1.3)	64.1 (1.7)	35.9 (1.7)	73.1 (1.7)	26.8 (1.7)	16.2 (1.2)	83.8 (1.2)	18.5 (1.3)	81.5 (1.3)
		χ² (p)	36.63 (<.001)		4.03 (.103)		28.70 (<.001)		0.13 (.825)		22.24 (<.001)
WC	Normal	2,593	65.5 (1.3)	34.5 (1.3)	62.0 (2.0)	38.0 (2.0)	66.7 (1.5)	33.3 (1.5)	15.8 (1.2)	84.2 (1.2)	13.0 (1.2)	87.0 (1.2)
	Obesity	1,024	67.3 (1.7)	32.7 (1.7)	63.1 (2.3)	36.9 (2.3)	72.1 (2.2)	27.9 (2.2)	16.6 (1.6)	83.4 (1.6)	20.8 (1.6)	79.2 (1.6)
		χ² (p)	1.02 (.356)		0.24 (.719)		6.33 (.019)		0.25 (.692)		21.86 (<.001)
BMI	Both on-obesity	1,765	61.6 (1.4)	38.4 (1.4)	60.2 (1.9)	39.8 (1.9)	63.2 (1.6)	36.8 (1.6)	15.7 (1.5)	84.3 (1.5)	14.0 (0.4)	86.0 (0.4)
& WC	Abdominal obesity	47	47.3 (9.2)	52.7 (9.2)	57.0 (11.6)	43.0 (11.6)	48.7 (10.7)	51.3 (10.7)	14.8 (8.8)	85.2 (8.8)	13.5 (1.7)	86.5 (1.7)
	BMI obesity	828	73.9 (2.0)	26.1 (2.0)	65.4 (2.1)	34.6 (2.1)	73.5 (2.0)	26.5 (2.0)	15.9 (1.7)	84.1 (1.7)	17.1 (0.8)	82.9 (0.8)
	Both obesity	977	68.3 (1.6)	31.7 (1.6)	63.3 (2.6)	36.7 (2.6)	73.0 (2.1)	27.0 (2.1)	16.7 (1.7)	83.3 (1.7)	16.8 (0.6)	83.2 (0.6)
		χ² (p)	45.12 (<.001)		4.93 (.289)		30.81 (<.001)		0.32 (.972)		29.18 (<.001)
BIP	Non-obesity	1,906	55.6 (1.4)	44.4 (1.4)	61.5 (2.1)	38.5 (2.1)	62.2 (1.7)	37.8 (1.7)	12.6 (1.3)	87.4 (1.3)	8.6 (1.0)	91.4 (1.0)
	Obesity	1,711	77.9 (1.2)	22.4 (1.2)	65.4 (1.6)	34.6 (1.6)	76.5 (1.3)	23.5 (1.3)	19.6 (1.3)	80.4 (1.3)	21.5 (1.5)	78.5 (1.5)
		χ² (p)	189.18 (<.001)		3.84 (.103)		55.20 (<.001)		20.15 (<.001)	)	72.12 (<.001)

SE=standard error; BMI=body mass index; WC=waist circumferences; BIP=body image perception.

Table 4.

Relations between Obesity, Body Image Perception and Weight Control (N=3,167)

Variables			OR (95% CI)	p
Body image perception	Body mass index	Non-obesity	Reference
		Obesity	17.22 (13.11–22.62)	<.001
	Waist circumferences	Normal	Reference
		Obesity	3.07 (2.23–4.24)	<.001
	R²=.37, F=91.04, p<.001
Weight control	Body mass index	Non-obesity	Reference
		Obesity	1.09 (0.89–1.33)	.401
	Body image perception	Non-obesity	Reference
		Obesity	2.08 (1.69–2.57)	<.001
	R²=.10, F=18.95, p<.001

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.

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