Journal List > Ann Occup Environ Med > v.29(1) > 1125019

Yadav, Yadav, Sharma, Shah, Sapkota, Thakur, Limbu, and Islam: Vibration upshot of operating mechanical sewing machine: an insight into common peroneal nerve conduction study

Abstract

Background

Most of the people associated with tailoring occupation in Nepal are still using mechanical sewing machine as an alternative of new technology for tailoring. Common peroneal nerves of both right and left legs are exposed to strenuous and chronic stress exerted by vibration and paddling of mechanical sewing machine.

Methods

The study included 30 healthy male tailors and 30 healthy male individuals. Anthropometric variables as well as cardio respiratory variables were determined for each subject. Standard Nerve Conduction Techniques using constant measured distances were applied to evaluate common peroneal nerve (motor) in both legs of each individual. Data were analyzed and compared between study and control groups using Man Whitney U test setting the significance level p ≤ 0.05.

Results

Anthropometric and cardio respiratory variables were not significantly altered between the study and control groups. The Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) latency of common peroneal nerves of both right [(11.29 ± 1.25 vs. 10.03 ± 1.37), P < 0.001] and left [(11.28 ± 1.38 vs. 10.05 ± 1.37), P < 0.01] legs was found to be significantly prolonged in study group as compared to control group. The Amp-CMAP of common peroneal nerves of both right [(4.57 ± 1.21 vs. 6.22 ± 1.72), P < 0.001] and left [(4.31 ± 1.55 vs. 6.25 ± 1.70), P < 0.001] legs was found significantly reduced in study group as compared to control group. Similarly, the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) of common peroneal nerves of both right [(43.72 ± 3.25 vs. 47.49 ± 4.17), P < 0.001] and left [(42.51 ± 3.82 vs. 46.76 ± 4.51), P < 0.001] legs was also found to be significantly reduced in study group in comparison to control group.

Conclusion

Operating mechanical sewing machine by paddling chronically and arduously could have attributed to abnormal nerve conduction study parameters due to vibration effect of the machine on right and left common peroneal nerves. The results of present study follow the trend towards presymptomatic or asymptomatic neuropathy similar to subclinical neuropathy.

Abbreviations

AMP(D)-CMAP

Amplitude distal

Amp(P)-CMAP

Amplitude proximal

BMI

Body mass index

BP

Diastolic blood pressure

CMAP

Compound muscle action potential

Dist.PDSS

Distance between proximal and distal stimulating sites

DL-CMAP

Distal latency

Ht

Height

LOLL

Length of left leg

LORL

Length of right leg

MNCV

Motor nerve conduction velocity

PL-CMAP

Proximal latency compound muscle action potential

PR

Pulse rate

RR

Respiration rate

SBP

Systolic blood pressure

Wt

Weight

Background

Tailoring is one of the major occupations adopted by skilled people with lower socioeconomic status and education level in Nepal. Nepal is one of the under developed countries in South Asia and the use of new technologies and innovations are out of access for people living in this country [1, 2]. Most of the people associated with tailoring occupation are still using mechanical sewing machine as an alternative of new technology for tailoring [3].
Somatic nerve conduction studies (NCS), which specifically measure the conduction velocity, latency and amplitude of the neurological response following electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve, was applied to assess neural functions. Nerves of lower limbs including common peroneal nerve are exposed to chronic stress imposed by chronic paddling and vibration generated by operation of mechanical sewing machine [4].
Nerve conduction studies are an essential part of the work-up of peripheral neuropathies. Many neuropathic syndromes can be suspected on clinical grounds, but optimal use of nerve conduction study techniques allows diagnostic classification and is therefore, crucial to understanding and separation of neuropathies [5].
The common peroneal nerve is superficial as it courses around the fibular neck. Because of its location, it is highly susceptible to injury. Compression of the peroneal nerve at the fibular head usually manifests as “foot drop.” Weakness of dorsiflexion and eversion may result in patient complaints of falling because they have caught their toes while climbing stairs or walking on thick rugs [6].
Nerve conduction study (NCS) helps in delineating the extent and distribution of neural lesions. It enables clinicians to differentiate the two major groups of peripheral diseases: demyelination and axonal degeneration [7].
It should be considered that some factor such as the functional overload generated by physical exercise, positively contribute to higher MNCV [8, 9]. We should remember that physical exercises, besides causing alterations in the musculoskeletal structure, also cause alterations in the functioning of the motor units, increasing for example, its excitability [10].
Health effects associated with Whole Body Vibration (WBV) have been well documented and include low-back pain, spinal degeneration, neck problems, headaches, nausea, gastrointestinal tract problems, disturbed sleep, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction [11, 12]. HAV exposure causes a condition referred to as hand-arm-vibration syndrome (HAVS). HAVS is associated with vascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal problems of the hand-arm system [13].
In vibration-associated neuropathy, conceivable target structures could be peripheral sensory receptors, large or thin myelinated nerve fibers, and the small-caliber, non-myelinated C fibers. Electrophysiological studies aimed at defining the nature of the vibration injury have provided conflicting results [14].
Exposure to Foot Transmitted Vibration (FTV) may cause an analogous syndrome in the lower extremities; however, little is known about the characteristics of occupational FTV or clinical implications with prolonged exposure. The extent of disability caused by vibration exposure is variable and may depend on the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure [15].
Tailors operating mechanical sewing machine by paddling for long-term is a source of high intensity vibration exerted on both legs and that effect might cause structural or functional changes in nerves of both right and left legs, and most probably common peroneal nerve. Therefore, this study was designed to check the effect of repetitive and chronic vibration imposed on nerve conduction study parameters of common peroneal nerves (velocity, latency and amplitude) of Nepalese tailors.

Methods

Subjects

The study was conducted in Neurophysiology Laboratory of Department of Basic and Clinical Physiology, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan (during 2011–2012). The study population included 30 healthy tailors (study group) and 30 healthy volunteers (control group). Average duration of occupation in the study group was more than 12 years. Subjects ranged in age from 18 to 60 years with average of 35 years. None of the subjects were suffering from any known neuromuscular or musculoskeletal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory diseases and were not taking any drugs which affect nerve conduction study. Subjects from both study and control groups were not indulging in smoking or drinking. All the participants provided written informed consent that had been previously approved by the institutional ethical committee. The ethical approval for the study was obtained from the institutional ethical committee. Subjects who passed the initial screening based on clinical history or physical examination were selected for motor nerve conduction studies (MNCSs).

Methods

Prior to the study, all subjects were informed of the study procedure, purposes, and known risks and thereby obtained their informed consent. This study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the institutional ethical committee, BPKIHS, Dharan, Nepal. The sites of stimulation and recording of common peroneal nerve are shown in the (Table 1). The nerve tested was common peroneal nerve (both right and left). Digital Nihon Kohden Machine (NM-420S, H636, Japan) with its accessories was used for nerve conduction studies. The temperature of the recording room was kept around 26 ± 2 °C. Anthropometric and cardio-respiratory parameters of the subjects were recorded as shown in the (Tables 2 and 3).
Table 1
Site of stimulation and recording
aoem-29-8-i001
Motor Nerve Site of stimulation Recording site
Proximal 2 Proximal 1 Distal
Common peroneal Lateral popliteal fossa Below fibular head: lateral calf Anterior ankle Extensor digitorumbrevis
Table 2
Comparison of anthropometric and cardio-respiratory variables between study group and control group
aoem-29-8-i002
Variables Study group(n = 30) Control group(n = 30) P value
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Age (yrs) 35.07 ± 4.95 34.2 ± 3.94 0.651
Wt (kg) 63.83 ± 4.14 65.07 ± 3.79 0.300
Ht (m) 1.63 ± 0.04 1.64 ± 0.04 0.200
LORL (cm) 84.13 ± 3.38 83.7 ± 5.08 0.370
LOLL (cm) 84.13 ± 3.38 83.7 ± 5.08 0.370
BMI (kg/m2) 23.92 ± 1.79 23.94 ± 1.43 1.00
SBP(mmHg) 120.67 ± 2.95 118.73 ± 4.28 0.099
DBP(mmHg) 78.67 ± 3.72 79 ± 3.47 0.513
PR(beats/min) 72.83 ± 3.40 71.6 ± 2.62 0.15
RR(cycles/min) 16.2 ± 1.86 16.47 ± 1.22 0.567
P ≤ 0.05 = statistically significant
Wt Weight, Ht Height, BMI Body mass index, LORL Length of right leg, LOLL Length of left leg, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, PR Pulse rate, RR Respiration rate
Table 3
Comparison of Right and Left common peroneal nerves conduction study variables between study group and control group
aoem-29-8-i003
Variables Study group (n = 30) Control group (n = 30) P value
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Right PL-CMAP(ms) 11.29 ± 1.25 10.03 ± 1.37 <0.001
DL-CMAP(ms) 3.70 ± 0.58 3.07 ± 0.58 <0.001
Amp(P)-CMAP(mv) 4.57 ± 1.21 6.22 ± 1.72 <0.001
AMP(D)-CMAP(mv) 5.45 ± 1.69 6.91 ± 2.05 0.006
Dist.PDSS(cm) 329.67 ± 19.91 328.33 ± 20.01 0.86
MNCV(m/s) 43.72 ± 3.25 47.49 ± 4.17 <0.001
Left PL-CMAP(ms) 11.28 ± 1.38 10.05 ± 1.37 0.001
DL-CMAP(ms) 3.26 ± 0.40 2.75 ± 0.37 <0.001
Amp(P)-CMAP(mv 4.31 ± 1.55 6.25 ± 1.70 <0.001
AMP(D)-CMAP(mv) 4.83 ± 1.71 6.76 ± 2.10 <0.001
Dist.PDSS(cm) 336.67 ± 24.54 334.0 ± 25.94 0.598
MNCV(m/s) 42.51 ± 3.82 46.76 ± 4.51 <0.001
P ≤ 0.05 = statistically significant
PL-CMAP Proximal latency compound muscle action potential, DL-CMAP Distal latency, Amp(P)-CMAP Amplitude proximal, AMP(D)-CMAP Amplitude distal, Dist.PDSS Distance between proximal and distal stimulating sites, MNCV Motor nerve conduction velocity

Common peroneal nerve conduction study

For motor nerve conduction study, the stimulator using adhesive tape was used for surface stimulation. It was placed on the skin overlying the nerve at two or more sites along the course of the nerve after cleaning the site with skin purifier. Before applying a brief pulse of current, ground electrode was placed between the stimulating and recording electrodes. The recording and reference electrode were placed using belly tendon montage with the recording electrode placed over the mid belly of the respective muscle, as close to the estimated end plate site as possible and the reference to the tendon at a minimum distance of 3 cm. The sites of stimulation and recording electrodes for common peroneal nerve are shown in (Table 1) and (Fig. 1) [16].
Fig. 1
Localization of stimulating and recording electrodes used during common peroneal nerve conduction study. Source: Basic principles of nerve conduction study and electromyography. In: Misulis KE, Head. TC editors. Essentials of clinical neurophysiology. Burlington; p. 127-160, 2003
aoem-29-8-g001
Stimulation of the nerve being studied was accomplished using a brief burst of direct electric current. The gain was set at 5 mv per division. Stimulation duration was in the range of 0.2 ms and the amount of current never exceeded more than 50 mA because it was the upper limit available in the machine. The current of the stimulator was initially set to zero, then gradually increased with successive stimuli. A compound muscle action potential (CMAP) appeared that grew larger with the increasing stimulus strength (Fig. 2). Current was increased to the point that CMAP no longer increased in size, from that point the current was increased by another 20% to ensure supra-maximal stimulation.
Fig. 2
Representative trace of motor (common peroneal) nerve action potential of right and left legs
aoem-29-8-g002

Statistical analysis

The SPSS package (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version-20, and Chicago, Illinois, USA) for personal computer was used for the statistical analysis. Shapiro-Wilk’s W test was applied to examine normality in the distribution of data. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The differences in variables between the groups were tested using Student’s t-test. A p ≤0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Both the tailors (study group) and healthy volunteers (control group) formed a very homogenous population without significant differences in age, height, weight, length of right and left legs and body mass index (Table 2). Resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and respiration rate were not significantly different in study group compared to control group as shown in (Table 2).
Common peroneal nerve (motor) conduction study showed significantly lower proximal and distal compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes and prolonged CMAP proximal and distal latencies in both right and left legs of study group as compared to control group as shown in (Table 3). Further, motor NCS of the same nerve revealed significantly lower motor nerve conduction velocity in both right and left legs of study group as compared to control group as shown in (Table 3).
Right and Left common peroneal motor nerve:

Discussion

In the present study, we evaluated the motor nerve conduction study parameters of both right and left common peroneal nerves of tailors (study group) and normal healthy volunteers (control group). CMAP latencies of common peroneal nerves of both right and left legs were found significantly prolonged (P˂0.001) in tailors, whereas its amplitudes and conduction velocities were found to be significantly low (P˂0.001) in them as compared to those of controls. Our results did not show any significant difference in anthropometric variables-age, weight, height, BMI, length of right and left legs. Similarly, cardio-respiratory variables- SBP, DBP, PR and RR were also comparable between the study and control groups. Therefore, these factors could not have caused any net effect on the nerve conduction study parameters of common peroneal nerves of both right and left legs.

CMAP-Latency

Right and left common peroneal CMAP proximal and distal latencies were significantly high in study group in comparison to control group. Our results are quite in agreement with the result of Feinberg et al.[17]. According to their studies, there was increase in CMAP latency due to peripheral nerve injuries in some of hockey players, but in contrast with the study conducted by Budaket al. [18]. They found that there was decrease in CMAP latency in their studies of lower extremities in long distance runners. Also, our findings are in contrast with the studies conducted by several researchers [19, 20]. According to their studies there was positive effect of physical training on nerve conduction parameters. In another study, there was also decreased nerve conduction in the workers occupationally exposed to mechanical vibration [21]. Murata K et al. showed that there was effect of vibration in peripheral nervous system and found negative impact of vibration on nerve conduction in workers of vibrating tool industry [22]. Latency is a reflection of the activation pattern of individual neurons comprising the peripheral nerve. In the compound action potential produced in a nerve conduction test, the fastest arriving fibers (the most myelinated) determine the onset latency and hence the velocity of that nerve. Prolonged latencies reflect the dropout of faster myelinated fibers and result in slower nerve velocities [23, 24].

CMAP-Amplitude

Our results showed that right and left common peroneal CMAP-Amplitude (proximal and distal) were found significantly low in the study group in comparison to control group. Our results are similar to the results of the study conducted by Chatterjee et al. [25]. They found that there was reduced CMAP-Amplitude in rock-drillers and reduced muscle mass as well. Although our findings are in contrast with the study ofRoss et al. [26]. They found positive effect of hypertrophied muscles on CMAP-Amplitude of peroneal nerves in long distance runners. Reduced nerve conduction amplitude in the presence of a normal nerve conduction velocity would indicate a dropout of smaller-diameter axons in the nerve, accounting for the decreased amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) while maintaining a normal nerve conduction velocity. The lack of change of the nerve conduction velocity would indicate that the axonal injury has not affected the faster (most myelinated) fibers contained in the nerve bundle [27].
Selective injury of fiber types can be observed in various hereditary neuropathies. By contrast, nerve compression injuries cause damage at the point of compression and can involve a mixed population of large- and small-diameter axons resulting in a decrease in both the amplitude and the latency of the evoked nerve response (representing an axonal, demyelinating polyneuropathy) [28].
The earlier portion of the evoked peak represents the larger-diameter fibers and the latter portion of the response, progressively smaller-diameter fibers. Collectively, the height of the nerve conduction amplitude is a representation of all the axon bundles comprising the nerve [29]. Injury to axons within the nerve bundle will result in a dropout in the total number of axons actually stimulated in the nerve bundle and hence a reduction in the amplitude of the evoked compound motor action potential [30]. Therefore, reduction of the nerve conduction amplitude indicates the degree of axonal injury in the nerve bundle [5, 31].

Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV)

Our results showed that right and left common peroneal MNCV were found significantly reduced in study group when compared to control group. There are reports in the literature that strength and muscle power athletes present higher motor nervous conduction velocity (MNCV) than endurance athletes, despite not having significant difference between these modalities, as well as that the MNCV of trained individuals is greater than in untrained and injured individuals. It has also been reported that the MNCV is greater in the dominant limb (DL) when compared with the non-dominant limb (NDL) in trained subjects [32, 33] On the other hand, it has been mentioned that hypertrophy of muscles adjacent to the nervous tract of the dominant limb of trained individuals may lead to compression of the nerve and consequent reduction of MNCV [34].
According to Untunen et al. there was polyneuropathy and muscle weakness in operators with vibration syndrome who had been working on vibrating tools for a long time [35].
The pathophysiology of vibration-induced neuropathy is complex, but includes morphological changes, such as degeneration of nerve fibres and fibrosis [36, 37]. Stromberg et al. reported pathological changes in biopsies from the posterior interosseus nerve in patients exposed to vibration, and concluded that demyelination might be the primary lesion in neuropathy following vibration exposure [38].
Studies performed on rats simulating vibration from hand-held power tools, reported axonal damage and myelin fragmentation in nerves that had been exposed to vibration, explaining the observed increased stress response in the vibration exposed rat nerves [3942].
Most studies show a reduction in conduction velocity, indicating demyelination, of the fastestlarge myelinated fibres and in later stages, when the patients have more pronounced symptoms, a lower amplitude, indicating a loss of nerve fibers [43].
Vibration of mechanical sewing machine could have overshadowed the effect of regular exercise of lower limbs by chronic paddling in tailors. Poor nerve conduction study (NCS) parameters (L-CMAP, Amp-CMAP and MNCV) of peroneal nerves of both right and left legs in study group as compared to control group could be due to vibration effect of mechanical sewing machine. Most probably the effect of exercise (regular paddling) has not been able to counter the detrimental effect of vibration on lower limbs [22].

Conclusion

In conclusion our study showed that the reduction in amplitude and conduction velocity of CMAP of common peroneal nerves in study group whereas increase in latency of CMAP of corresponding nerves in the same group as compared to control group might be due to vibration effect of mechanical sewing machine. Vibration effect of mechanical sewing machine possibly overweighed the exercising effect mechanical sewing machine on lower limbs in tailors thereby suggesting trends towards subclinical neuropathy of common peroneal nerves. Other studies on large sample size are suggested to be conducted to confirm the findings of our study and reveal the cause of subclinical neuropathy as well. Furthermore, a new study is required to delineate the magnitude of the problem and to better characterize and control foot-transmitted vibration as an occupational hazard.

Abbreviations

AMP(D)-CMAP

Amplitude distal

Amp(P)-CMAP

Amplitude proximal

BMI

Body mass index

BP

Diastolic blood pressure

CMAP

Compound muscle action potential

Dist.PDSS

Distance between proximal and distal stimulating sites

DL-CMAP

Distal latency

Ht

Height

LOLL

Length of left leg

LORL

Length of right leg

MNCV

Motor nerve conduction velocity

PL-CMAP

Proximal latency compound muscle action potential

PR

Pulse rate

RR

Respiration rate

SBP

Systolic blood pressure

Wt

Weight

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge all the staff of the Department of Physiology for their dedication. We also thank all the subjects for their participation and collaboration.

Funding

There was no any funding resource for this work.

Availability of data and materials

The data set supporting the conclusions of this article is available upon request to the corresponding author.

Authors’ contributions

All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in either drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The ethical approval for the study was obtained from the institutional ethical committee, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, BPKIHS, Nepal. All the participants provided written informed consent that had been previously approved by the institutional ethical committee.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

1. Archibugi D, Michie J. The globalization of technology: a new taxonomy. Camb J Econ. 1995; 19:121–40.
2. Dean T. The human-powered home: choosing muscle over motors. 2008. Philadelphia: New Society publishers.
3. Chavada VK. The health status of people engaged in the tailoring occupation in India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2010; 4(3):2495–503.
4. Monkhousej WS. Anatomy: a regional atlas of the human body, 4th edn. J Anat. 1998; 192(3):473–6.
5. Franssen H, van den Bergh PY. Nerve conduction studies in polyneuropathy: practical physiology and patterns of abnormality. Acta Neurol Belg. 2006; 106(2):73–81. PMID: 16898257.
6. Scott K, Kothari MJ. Evaluating the patient with peripheral nervous system complaints. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2005; 105(2):71–83. DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2005.105.2.71. PMID: 15784929.
7. Kouyoumdjian JA, Zanetta MT, Monta PA. Evaluation of age, body mass index and wrist index as risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome severity. Muscle Nerve. 2002; 25(1):93–7. DOI: 10.1002/mus.10007. PMID: 11754190.
8. Mark E. Landau, William W. Campbell. Clinical features and electrodiagnosis of ulnar neuropathies. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2013;24:49–66.
9. M. Pawlak, D. Kaczmarek. Field hockey players have different values of ulnar and tibial motor nerve conduction velocity than soccer and tennis players. Archives Italiennes de Biologie. 2010;148:365-376.
10. Ozmerdivenli R, Bulut S, Urat T, Ayar A. The H- and T- reflex response parameters of long- and short-distance athletes. Physiol Res. 2002; 51(4):395–400. PMID: 12449438.
11. Seidel H, Hiede R. Long-term effects of whole-body vibration: a critical survey of the literature. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1986; 58:1. DOI: 10.1007/BF00378536. PMID: 3522434.
12. Lings S, Leboeuf-Yde C. Whole-body vibration and low back pain: a systematic, critical review of the epidemiological literature 1992–1999. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2000; 73:290. DOI: 10.1007/s004200000118. PMID: 10963411.
13. Griffin MJ, Bovenzi M. The diagnosis of disorders caused by hand-transmitted vibration: Southampton Workshop 2000. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2002; 75:1. DOI: 10.1007/s00420-002-0341-5. PMID: 11898868.
14. Brammer AJ, Pyykko I. Vibration-induced neuropathy. Detection by nerve conduction measurements. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1987; 13(4):317–22. DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.2052. PMID: 2829347.
15. Bovenzi M. Health effects of mechanical vibration. G Ital Med Lav Erg. 2005; 27(1):58.
16. Preston DC, Shapiro BE. Basic nerve conduction studies. Electromyography and neuromuscular disorders. 1998. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
17. Feinberg JH, Nadler SF, Krivickas LS. Peripheral nerve injuries in the athlete. Sports Med. 1997; 24:385–408. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199724060-00004. PMID: 9421863.
18. Budak F, Bamac B, Ozbek A, Kultuay P, Komsuoglu S. Nerve conduction studies of lower extremities in long distance runners. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2001; 41:443–6. PMID: 11721301.
19. Kamen G, Taylor P, Beehler PJ. Ulnar and posterior tibial nerve conduction velocity in athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1984; 5:26–30. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1025876. PMID: 6698680.
20. Lastovka M. The conduction velocity of the peripheral motor nerve fibres and physical training. Act Nerv Super. 1969; 11:308.
21. Ho ST, Yu HS. A study of neurophysiological measurements and various function tests on workers occupationally exposed to vibration. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1986; 58(4):259–68. DOI: 10.1007/BF00377883. PMID: 3781633.
22. Murata K, Araki S, Okajima F, Nakao M, Suwa K, Matsunaga C. Effect of occupational use of vibrating tools in the autonomic, central and peripheral nervous system. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1997; 70(2):94–100. DOI: 10.1007/s004200050192. PMID: 9253637.
23. Pourmand R. Evaluating patients with suspected peripheral neuropathy: Do the right thing, not everything. Muscle Nerve. 2002; 28:288–90. DOI: 10.1002/mus.10184.
24. Rosenberg NR, Portegies P, DeVisser M, Vermeulen M. Diagnostic investigation of patients with chronic polyneuropathy: evaluation of a clinical guideline. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001; 71:205–9. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.71.2.205. PMID: 11459893.
25. Chatterjee DS, Barwick DD, Petrie A. Exploratory electromyography in the study of vibration-induced white finger in rock drillers. Br J Ind Med. 1982; 39(1):89–97. PMID: 7066226.
26. Ross A, Mechael L, Riek S. Neural Influences on sprint running: training adaptations and acute responses. Sports Med. 2001; 31:409–25. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200131060-00002. PMID: 11394561.
27. Hend Azhary, Muhammad U. Farooq, Minal Bhanushali, Arshad Majid and Mounzer Y. Kassab. Peripheral Neuropathy: Differential Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2010;81(7):887-892.
28. Fuller G. How to get the most out of nerve conduction studies and electromyography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005; 76:41–6.
29. Tankisi H, Pugdahl K, Johnsen B, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Correlations of nerve conduction measures in axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathies. ClinNeurophysiol. 2007; 118(11):2383–92.
30. Tankisi H, Pugdahl K, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Johnsen B, de Carvalho M, Fawcett PR, Labarre-Vila A, Liguori R, Nix WA, Schofield IS, et al. Pathophysiology inferred from electrodiagnostic nerve tests and classification of polyneuropathies. Suggested guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005; 116(7):1571–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.04.003. PMID: 15907395.
31. Misra UK, Kalita J, Pradeep PN. Diagnostic approach to peripheral neuropathy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2008; 11(2):89–97. DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.41875. PMID: 19893645.
32. Willison HJ, Winer JB. Clinical evaluation and investigation of neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003; 74(2):3–8.
33. Wei SH, Jong YJ, Chang YJ. Ulnar nerve conduction velocity in injured baseball pitchers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005; 86:21–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.038. PMID: 15640984.
34. Çolak T, Bamaç B, Özbek A, Budak F, Bamaç YS. Nerve conduction studies of upper extremities in tennis players. Br J Sports Med. 2004; 38:632–5. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.008029. PMID: 15388554.
35. Untunen J, Matikainen E, Seppalainen AM, Laine A. Peripheral neuropathy and vibration syndrome. A clinical and neurophysiological study of 103 patients. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1983; 52(1):17–24. DOI: 10.1007/BF00380603. PMID: 6307889.
36. Takeuchi T, Futatsuka M, Imanishi H, Yamada S. Pathological changes observed in the finger biopsy of patients with vibration-induced white finger. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1986; 12:280–3. DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.2140. PMID: 3775312.
37. Stromberg T, Dahlin LB, Brun A, Lundborg G. Structural nerve changes at wrist level in workers exposed to vibration. Occup Environ Med. 1997; 54:307–11. DOI: 10.1136/oem.54.5.307. PMID: 9196451.
38. Ho ST, Yu HS. Ultrastructural changes of the peripheral nerve induced by vibration: an experimental study. Br J Ind Med. 1989; 46:157–64. PMID: 2930726.
39. Yan JG, Matloub HS, Sanger JR, Zhang LL, Riley DA. Vibration-induced disruption of retrograde axoplasmic transport in peripheral nerve. Muscle Nerve. 2005; 32:521–6. DOI: 10.1002/mus.20379. PMID: 15977204.
40. Loffredo MA, Yan JG, Kao D, Zhang LL, Matloub HS, Riley DA. Persistent reduction of conduction velocity and myelinated axon damage in vibrated rat tail nerves. Muscle Nerve. 2009; 39:770–5. DOI: 10.1002/mus.21235. PMID: 19306323.
41. Lundborg G, Dahlin LB, Hansson HA, Kanje M, Necking LE. Vibration exposure and peripheral nerve fiber damage. J Hand Surg. 1990; 15:346–51. DOI: 10.1016/0363-5023(90)90121-7.
42. Dahlin LB, Necking LE, Lundstrom R, Lundborg G. Vibration exposure and conditioning lesion effect in nerves: an experimental study in rats. J Hand Surg. 1992; 17:858–61. DOI: 10.1016/0363-5023(92)90456-Y.
43. Rolke R, Rolke S, Vogt T, Birklein F, Geber C, Treede RD, Letzel S, Voelter-Mahlknecht S. Hand-arm vibration syndrome: clinical characteristics, conventional electrophysiology and quantitative sensory testing. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013; 124:1680–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.025. PMID: 23507585.
TOOLS
Similar articles