Genital HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection, but the majority of infections are self-limited. However, persistent infection with high-risk types can cause cervical cancer in women, which is the most common female genital cancer in Korea. In addition, HPV infection is the cause of genital warts and is associated with other anogenital cancers. The HPV vaccine is composed of the HPV L1 protein, the major capsid protein of HPV. Expression of the L1 protein in yeast using recombinant DNA technology produces noninfectious virus-like particles (VLP) that resemble HPV virions. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine is a mixture of four HPV type-specific VLPs prepared from the L1 proteins of HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 combined with an aluminum adjuvant. Clinical trials indicate that the vaccine has high efficacy in preventing persistent HPV infection, cervical cancer precursor lesions, vaginal and vulvar cancer precursor lesions, and genital warts caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, or 18 among females who have not already been infected with the respective HPV type. The recommended age for primary vaccination of Korean females is 15-17 years, considering sexual debut and duration of protection of the vaccine. Vaccine can be administered as young as age 9 years. Catch-up vaccination is recommended for females aged 18-26 years who have not been previously vaccinated. Vaccination is not a substitute for routine cervical cancer screening, and vaccinated females should have cervical cancer screening as recommended.