Influence of Self-awareness, Other-awareness, and Interpersonal Relation Competence on Smartphone and Internet Addiction in Nursing Students

Mira Son

doi:10.12934/jkpmhn.2018.27.1.74

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Son: Influence of Self-awareness, Other-awareness, and Interpersonal Relation Competence on Smartphone and Internet Addiction in Nursing Students

Original Article

J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2018;27(1):74-84.

Published online: 17 March 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2018.27.1.74

Influence of Self-awareness, Other-awareness, and Interpersonal Relation Competence on Smartphone and Internet Addiction in Nursing Students

Mira Son

Department of Nursing, Shinsung University, Dangjin, Korea

Corresponding author: Son, Mira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2313-2132 Department of Nursing, Shinsung University, 1 Daehak-ro, Dangjin 31801, Korea. Tel: +82-41-350-1348, Fax: +82-41-350-1345, E-mail: sml61@naver.com

Received 23 January 20186 March 2018 Accepted 11 March 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study purposed to identify the levels of self-awareness, other-awareness, interpersonal relation competence, and smartphone and Internet addiction and identify the influence of self-awareness, other-awareness, and interpersonal relations competence on smartphone and Internet addiction in nursing students.

Methods

Study participants were 479 nursing students who completing structured self-report questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression.

Results

The participants’ smartphone addiction risk was shown to be 24.2%. Among the predictors, gender (β=-.11, p<.05), academic year (β=.15, p<.01), self-awareness (β=-.12, p<.05) other-awareness (β=.29, p<.001), and interpersonal relation competence (β=-.20, p<.001) had significant influences on smartphone addiction. The explanatory power of this regression model was 16.0% (F=10.21, p<.001). The participants’ Internet addiction risk was shown to be 29.0%. Among the predictors, academic year (β=.12, p<.05), major satisfaction (β =-.17, p<.001), other-awareness (β=.22, p<.001), and interpersonal relation competence (β=-.18, p<.001) had significant influences on Internet addiction. The explanatory power of this regression model was 13.0% (F=8.48, p<.001).

Conclusion

It is necessary to develop the early detection and monitoring of smartphone and Internet addiction among nursing students. In addition, specific programs focused on promoting self-awareness and other-awareness for smartphone and Internet addiction should be developed.

Keywords: Internet, Addiction, Awareness, Nursing students, Interpersonal relations

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Table 1.

General Characteristics, Smartphone and Internet Using Characteristics (N=479)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD
Gender	Male	59 (12.3)
Gender	Female	420 (87.7)
Age (year)	19~21	335 (69.9)
	22~26	70 (14.6)
	≥ 27	74 (15.5)
Academic year	Freshman	141 (29.4)
	Sophomore	110 (23.0)
	Junior	120 (25.1)
	Senior	108 (22.5)
Interpersonal satisfaction	Dissatisfaction	23 (4.8)
	Moderate	157 (32.8)
	Satisfaction	299 (62.4)
Major satisfaction	Dissatisfaction	34 (7.1)
	Moderate	151 (31.5)
	Satisfaction	294 (61.4)
	Acquisition of data and information	44 (9.3)
Smartphone main using service	Leisure^†	149 (31.1)
	Communication^‡	265 (55.3)
	Education/learning	5 (1.0)
	Online shopping	15 (3.1)
	Finance	1 (0.2)
	Acquisition of data and information	164 (34.2)
Internet main using service	Leisure^†	144 (30.1)
	Communication^‡	136 (28.4)
	Education, learning	11 (2.3)
	Online shopping	22 (4.6)
	Finance	2 (0.4)
Level of disrupting studies due to the smartphone	Very high	12 (2.6)
	High	51 (10.6)
	Middle (a little)	241 (50.3)
	Low	128 (26.7)
	Very low	47 (9.8)
Level of disrupting studies due to the Internet	Very high	15 (3.1)
	High	16 (3.4)
	Middle (a little)	135 (28.2)
	Low	171 (35.7)
	Very low	142 (29.6)
Smartphone average daily using time	Weekday (hours)	5.76±9.69
Smartphone average daily using time	Weekend (hours)	5.99±6.11
Internet average daily using time	Weekday (hours)	2.97±7.79
Internet average daily using time	Weekend (hours)	3.38±7.59

^† Games, adult contents, movies, music, etc.;

^‡ E-mail, messenger, SNS.

Table 2.

Descriptive Statistics of Variables (N=479)

Variables	Mim	Max	M±SD
Self-awareness	2.40	4.30	3.37±0.33
Private self-awareness	1.22	4.78	3.53±0.50
Public self-awareness	1.40	5.00	3.63±0.57
Social anxiety	1.00	5.00	2.92±0.68
Other-awareness	1.00	4.86	3.19±0.58
Internal other-awareness	1.00	4.92	3.26±0.62
External other-awareness	1.00	5.00	3.09±0.64
Fancy other-awareness	1.00	5.00	3.12±0.71
Interpersonal competence	2.10	4.74	3.36±0.40
Smartphone addiction	21.00	56.00	37.11±7.41
Internet addiction	19.00	53.00	34.57±7.63

Table 3.

Difference among General Characteristics, Smartphone and Internet Using Characteristics (N=479)

Variables	Smartphone					Internet
	M±SD	t or F	General users	Addiction	x²	M±SD	t or F	General users	Addiction	x²
	M±SD	t or F	n (%)	n (%)	x²	M±SD	t or F	n (%)	n (%)	x²
Gender
Male	35.03±8.51	-2.31^∗	39 (66.1)	20 (33.9)	3.44	34.75±7.67	0.19	37 (62.7)	22 (37.3)	2.23
Female	37.40±7.21		324 (77.1)	96 (22.9)		34.54±7.63		303 (72.1)	117 (27.9)
Academic year
Freshman	35.70±7.56	3.80^∗	121 (85.8)	20 (14.2)	12.35^∗∗	32.83±7.03	3.71	113 (80.1)	28 (19.9)	9.58^∗
Sophomore	36.57±7.76		81 (73.6)	29 (26.4)		35.06±7.48		77 (70.0)	33 (30.0)
Junior	38.08±7.13		88 (73.3)	32 (26.7)		35.72±7.62		82 (68.3)	38 (31.7)
Senior	38.44±6.85		73 (67.6)	35 (32.4)		35.05±8.23		68 (63.0)	40 (37.0)
Interpersonal satisfaction
Dissatisfaction	37.57±7.58	3.67^∗	14 (60.9)	9 (39.1)	15.09^∗∗	37.35±8.41	5.51^∗∗	13 (56.5)	10 (43.5)	17.04^∗∗∗
Moderate	38.37±7.10		105 (66.9)	52 (33.1)		35.78±7.98		95 (60.5)	62 (39.5)
Satisfaction	36.41±7.49		244 (81.6)	55 (18.4)		33.71±7.26		232 (77.6)	67 (22.4)
Major satisfaction
Dissatisfaction	37.56±10.27	4.01^∗	20 (58.8)	14 (41.2)	14.12^∗	36.82±10.15	10.02^∗∗∗	20 (58.8)	14 (41.2)	16.01^∗∗∗
Moderate	38.44±6.00	4.01^∗	104 (68.9)	47 (31.1)	14.12^∗	36.42±6.98	10.02^∗∗∗	92 (60.9)	59 (39.1)	16.01^∗∗∗
Satisfaction	36.37±7.60		239 (81.3)	55 (18.7)		33.35±7.38		228 (77.6)	66 (22.4)
Main using service
Information retrieval	34.71±7.66	4.80^∗∗∗	39 (76.5)	12 (23.5)	25.43^∗∗∗	32.56±7.65	3.74^∗∗	130 (79.3)	34 (20.7)	11.96^∗
Leisure	38.56±7.69		119 (65.7)	62 (34.3)		35.93±7.15		94 (65.3)	50 (34.7)
Communication	35.34±7.54		100 (91.7)	9 (8.3)		35.43±7.34		91 (66.9)	45 (33.1)
Help studies	36.73±6.89		50 (78.1)	14 (21.9)		33.91±9.21		10 (90.9)	1 (9.1)
Shopping	38.42±5.66		53 (73.6)	19 (26.4)		35.41±8.78		14 (63.6)	8 (36.4)
Finance	28.50±10.61		2 (100.0)	0 (0.0)		36.50±12.02		1 (50.0)	1 (50.0)
Total	37.11±7.41		363 (75.8)	116 (24.2)		34.57±7.63		340 (71.0)	139 (29.0)

^∗ p＜.05,

^∗∗ p＜.01,

^∗∗∗ p＜.001.

Table 4.

Correlations among Smartphone and Internet Addiction with other Variables (N=479)

Variables	PRSA	PUSA	SOA	SEA	IOA	EOA	FOA	OA	IC	IA	SA
Private self-awareness	1
Public self-awareness	.40^∗∗	1
Social anxiety	-.16^∗∗	-.26^∗∗	1
Self-awareness	.76^∗∗	.54^∗∗	-.39^∗∗	1
Internal other-awareness	.42^∗∗	.54^∗∗	.34^∗∗	.32^∗∗	1
External other-awareness	.23^∗∗	.51^∗∗	.29^∗∗	.20^∗∗	.64^∗∗	1
Fancy other-awareness	.44^∗∗	.48^∗∗	.30^∗∗	.33^∗∗	.82^∗∗	.63^∗∗	1
Other-awareness	.42^∗∗	.57^∗∗	.35^∗∗	.32^∗∗	.96^∗∗	.80^∗∗	.89^∗∗	1
Interpersonal competence	.22^∗∗	.13^∗∗	-.43^∗∗	.48^∗∗	.09^∗	.04	.12^∗∗	.21^∗	1
Internet addiction	-.05	.05	.23^∗∗	-.15^∗∗	.12^∗∗	.21^∗∗	.13^∗∗	.16^∗∗	-.23^∗∗	1
Smartphone addiction	-.08	.16^∗∗	.24^∗∗	-.13^∗∗	.17^∗∗	.28^∗∗	.17^∗∗	.21^∗∗	-.23^∗∗	.52^∗∗	1

^∗ p＜.05,

^∗∗ p＜.01,

^∗∗∗ p＜.001;

PRSA=Private self-awareness; PUSA=Public self-awareness; SOA=Social anxiety; SEA=Self-awareness; IOA=Internal other-awareness; EOA=External other-awareness; FOA=Fancy other-awareness; OA=Other-awareness; IC=Interpersonal competence; IA=Internet addiction; SA=Smartphone addiction.

Table 5.

Predictors of Smartphone and Internet Addiction (N=479)

Variables	Smartphone addiction						Internet addiction
Variables	B	SE	β	t	df	p	B	SE	β	t	df	p
Gender ^†	-0.16	0.07	-.11	-2.42	1	＜.05	0.02	0.07	.01	0.23	1	.817
Age (year)	-0.01	0.02	-.02	-0.29	478	.771	-0.01	0.02	-.01	-0.11	478	.910
Academic year	0.06	0.02	.15	2.63	3	＜.01	0.05	0.03	.12	2.08	3	＜.05
Interpersonal satisfaction	0.02	0.04	.02	0.37	478	.715	-0.01	0.04	-.01	-0.30	478	.766
Major satisfaction	-0.06	0.04	-.08	-1.80	478	.073	-0.14	0.04	-.17	-3.66	478	＜.001
Self-awareness	-0.18	0.08	-.12	-2.33	478	＜.05	-0.16	0.08	-.10	-1.94	478	.053
Other-awareness	0.24	0.04	.29	6.24	478	＜.001	0.19	0.04	.22	4.74	478	＜.001
Interpersonal competence	-0.24	0.06	-.20	-4.01	478	＜.001	-0.23	0.06	-.18	-3.58	478	＜.001
	R²=.17, Adj. R²=.16, F=10.21, p＜.001						R²=.14, Adj. R²=.13, F=8.48, p＜.001
	Dependent variable: Smartphone addiction						Dependent variable: Internet addiction

^† Dummy variables (Male=1, female=0).

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