The Effects of Breast Milk Olfactory Stimulation on Physiological Responses, Oral Feeding Progression and Body Weight in Preterm Infants

Eun Jee Lee

doi:10.4040/jkan.2019.49.2.126

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Lee: The Effects of Breast Milk Olfactory Stimulation on Physiological Responses, Oral Feeding Progression and Body Weight in Preterm Infants

Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2019; 49(2): 126-136.

Published online: 30 April 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.2.126

The Effects of Breast Milk Olfactory Stimulation on Physiological Responses, Oral Feeding Progression and Body Weight in Preterm Infants

Eun Jee Lee

Department of Nursing, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Lee, Eun Jee. Department of Nursing, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Korea. Tel: +82-63-850-6047, Fax: +82-63-850-6060, ejlee06@wku.ac.kr

Received 2 August 2018 Revised 4 January 2019 Accepted 4 January 2019

Korean Society of Nursing Science

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of breast milk olfactory stimulation on physiological responses, oral feeding progression, and body weight in preterm infants.

Methods

A repeated measures design with nonequivalent control group was used. The participants were healthy, preterm infants born at a gestational age of 28~32 weeks; 12 in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. Data were collected prospectively in the experimental group, and retrospectively in the control group, by the same methods. Breast milk olfactory stimulation was provided 12 times over 15 days. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed rank test and linear mixed models using SPSS 19.

Results

The gastric residual volume (GRV) of the experimental group was significantly less than that of the control group. The heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiration rate, transition time to oral feeding, and body weight were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that breast milk olfactory stimulation reduces GRV and improves digestive function in preterm infants without inducing distress.

Keywords: Smell, Milk, Human, Infant, Premature, Gastric Emptying, Vital Signs

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

The trend of heart rate (A), oxygen saturation (B), respiration rate (C) and gastric residual volume (D) between two groups.

Table 1

Homogeneity Test of General Characteristics and Dependent Variables between Two Groups

M=Mean; SD=Standard Deviation; GRV=Gastric Residual Volume; Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

Table 2

The Effect of Breast Milk Olfactory Stimulation on the Physiological Responses and Gastric Residual Volume

df=degrees of freedom; GRV=Gastric Residual Volume.

^†Time: Measurement 7 times every minute from 1 minute before to 5 minutes of the breast milk olfactory stimulation; ^††Trials: Measurement 12 times before each the breast milk olfactory stimulation.

Table 3

The Comparison of Breast Milk Olfactory Stimulation on Transition Time to Full Oral Feeding and Body Weight between Two Groups

M=Mean; SD=Standard Deviation; Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

Table 4

The Comparison of Gastric Residual Volume in the Experimental Group between Intervention Day and without Intervention Day (N=12)

M=Mean; SD=Standard Deviation; GRV=Gastric Residual Volume.

Notes

This manuscript is a modified version of the first author's Doctor's Dissertation from Yonsei University.

^{CONFLICTS OF INTEREST} The author declared no conflict of interest.

Appendix

The timing of intevention (A) and the process of data collection and intervention (B) in this study.

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ORCID iDs: Eun Jee Lee
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6774-8011
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