Analysis of esthetic factors and evaluation of esthetic perception for maxillary anteriors of dental students

Seon-Kyung Kim; Ok-Su Kim

doi:10.4047/jkap.2019.57.2.118

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Kim and Kim: Analysis of esthetic factors and evaluation of esthetic perception for maxillary anteriors of dental students

Original Article

The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics 2019; 57(2): 118-126.

Published online: 25 April 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4047/jkap.2019.57.2.118

Analysis of esthetic factors and evaluation of esthetic perception for maxillary anteriors of dental students

Seon-Kyung Kim¹

, Ok-Su Kim²

¹School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwngju, Republic of Korea.

²Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.

Corresponding Author: Ok-Su Kim. Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea. +82 (0)62 530 5640: periodrk@chonnam.ac.kr

Received 29 January 2019 Revised 15 March 2019 Accepted 20 March 2019

The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This research is to investigate factors that affect dental aesthetics and analyze whether individual perception affects and difference of genders affects the esthetic factors.

Materials and methods

Seventy dental students of Chonnam University aged from 25 to 35 years old without periodontal problems were included. Maxillary dental cast for participants were made, and standardized photo was taken with a digital camera. Maximum visual width and the position of gingival zenith of maxillary anterior teeth and maximum height of the maxillary central incisors were measured by a measurement program and the shape of central incisor was categorized. Questionnaire was conducted to evaluate esthetic perception. SPSS program was used to perform statistical analysis.

Results

The average visual width ratio of right maxillary anteriors was 1.38:1:0.78 and 1.41:1:0.81 for the left which differ from the golden ratio. The width to height ratio for right and left central incisor was 0.84 and 0.83 respectively. The gingival zenith position was determined to be: mostly, central incisors and canines were located in the distal side, lateral incisors were located in the center. The visual width ratio of right maxillary anterior teeth, ratio of width to height of central incisor, gingival zenith position, crown morphology and amounts of gingival exposure upon smiling were not significantly different between genders, and facial patterns and these dental esthetic factors were not related to aesthetic perception.

Conclusion

Even though participants had the visual width ratio of maxillary anteriors or ideal width to ideal height of central incisors that did not agree with the golden ratio, they had high satisfaction for dental esthetics. Esthetic perception depends more on subjective judgements of participants than objective indices.

Keywords: Esthetic, Maxillary anterior teeth, Golden proportion, Perception

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Measurement for dental esthetic factors. (A) The measurement of visible mesiodistal width, (B) Apicocoronal height for maxillary central incisor, (C) Determination of gingival zenith position (GZP) which is the highest gingival marginal point.

Fig. 2

Questionnaire.

Table 1

The maxillary anterior teeth width and W/H Ratio of maxillary central incisor according to gender

Data are analyzed by Independent t-test (N = 70, total).

Table 2

The gingival zenith position of maxillary anterior teeth according to gender

Data are analyzed by Independent t-test (N = 70, total).

Table 3

The crown shape of central incisor according to gender

Data are analyzed by Independent t-test (N = 70, total).

LS: Long Square, SS: Short Square, T: Triangular, O: Ovoid

Table 4

Facial shape and exposure of maxillary gingiva during smiling

Data are analyzed by Independent t-test (N = 70, total).

M: male, F: female

Table 5

The correlation analysis between dental esthetic factors and individual esthetic perception in each groups (esthetic, non-esthetic)

Data are analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test.

CI: central incisor, LI: lateral incisor, C: canine, GZP: Gingival zenith position

Table 6

The correlation analysis between dental esthetic factors and individual esthetic perception of participants

Data are analyzed by Kruskal-Willis test

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ORCID iDs

Seon-Kyung Kim
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8210-3956

Ok-Su Kim
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-9314

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