A Comparison of the Prospective Memory among College Students, Normal Elderly, and Parkinson's Disease Patients

Jiyoung Pyun; Yeonwook Kang; Jaeseol Park; Yun Joong Kim; Kunseok Park; Il-Woo Han

doi:10.12779/dnd.2012.11.3.95

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Pyun, Kang, Park, Kim, Park, and Han: A Comparison of the Prospective Memory among College Students, Normal Elderly, and Parkinson's Disease Patients

Original Article

Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders

Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 2012; 11(3): 95-103.

Published online: 30 September 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2012.11.3.95

A Comparison of the Prospective Memory among College Students, Normal Elderly, and Parkinson's Disease Patients

Jiyoung Pyun, M.A.^*, Yeonwook Kang, Ph.D.^†,^‡, Jaeseol Park, M.A.^†,^‡, Yun Joong Kim, M.D., Ph.D.^‡, Kunseok Park, Ph.D.^§, Il-Woo Han, M.D.^*

^*Hyoja Geriatric Hospital, Yongin, Korea.

^†Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea.

^‡Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea.

^§Hallym University Institute of Aging, Chuncheon, Korea.

Address for correspondence: Yeonwook Kang, Ph.D. Department of Psychology, Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehakgil, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea. Tel: +82-33-248-1724, Fax: +82-33-256-3424, ykang@hallym.ac.kr

Received 22 May 2012 Revised 25 July 2012 Accepted 25 July 2012

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

This study was conducted to examine the effects of normal aging and cerebral pathology on the prospective memory and the relationships between the prospective memory and frontal lobe functions.

Methods

The subjects were 30 college students, 30 normal elderly, and 30 Parkinson's disease patients. There was no significant difference in the mean age or education level between the normal elderly and Parkinson's disease patients. The Cambridge Prospective Memory Test and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire were administered to evaluate the prospective memory. The Seoul Verbal Learning Test and Rey Complex Figure Test were given to assess the verbal and visual episodic memories. The subjects also took the Sorting Test, the Korean-Color Word Stroop Test, and the Iowa Gambling Task to assess the frontal lobe functions.

Results

The results showed that the prospective memory declines with aging and pathological process. The normal elderly showed significantly lower scores on the time-based prospective memory than the event-based prospective memory, although the college students and Parkinson's disease patients did not show any differences between them. Many significant correlations were found between the prospective memory tests and frontal lobe tests in the normal elderly and Parkinson's disease patients, although only a few correlations were found in the college students.

Conclusions

These quantitative and qualitative changes in the prospective memory by aging and frontal lobe dysfunction would support the de-differentiation hypothesis of aging.

Keywords: Prospective memory, Aging, Frontal lobe function, Parkinson's disease, Dedifferentiation hypothesis

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Demographic characteristics and the K-MMSE score of the college students, normal elderly, and PD patients

^*p<0.01; ^†p<0.001.

K-MMSE, Korean-Mini Mental State Examination; PD, Parkinson's Disease Patients.

Table 2

Prospective memory and retrospective (episodic) memory test results of the college students, normal elderly, and PD patients

^*p<0.01; ^†p<0.001

Cam: Event, Cambridge Prospective Memory Test: Event-based task; Cam: Time, CAMPROMPT: Time-based task; Cam: Total, CAMPROMPT: Event-based & Time-based task; PRMQ: PM, Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire: Prospective memory component; PRMQ: RM, PRMQ: Retrospective memory component; SVLT: IR, Seoul Verbal Learning Test: Immediate Recall; SVLT: DR, SVLT: Delayed Recall; SVLT: Rec, SVLT: Recognition; RCFT: IR, Rey Complex Figure Test: Immediate Recall; RCFT: DR, RCFT: Delayed Recall; RCFT: Rec, RCFT: Recognition.

Table 3

Correlations between prospective and retrospective (episodic) memory tests among the college students, normal elderly, and PD patients

^*p<0.05; ^†p<0.01.

Time, Cambridge Prospective Memory Test: Time-based task; Event, CAMPROMPT: Event-based task; Total, CAMPROMPT: Event-based & Time-based task; SVLT: IR, Seoul Verbal Learning Test: Immediate Recall; SVLT: DR, SVLT: Delayed Recall; SVLT: Rec, SVLT: Recognition; RCFT: IR, Rey Complex Figure Test: Immediate Recall; RCFT: DR, RCFT: Delayed Recall; RCFT: Rec, RCFT: Recognition.

Table 4

The results of frontal lobe function tests in the college students, normal elderly, and PD patients

^*p<0.001.

DKEFS, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; Sorting: Sort, Sorting test # of sort; Sorting: Score, Sorting test: Score; RCFT: Copy, Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy score; K-CWST, Korean-Color Word Stroop Test; C: Correct, Color reading: # of Correct; C: Errors, Color reading: # of errors; C: RT, Color reading: Reaction time; IGT: C+D, Iowa Gambling Task: C+D.

Table 5

Correlations between prospective memory and frontal lobe function tests among the college students, normal elderly, and PD patients

^*p<0.05; ^†p<0.01.

Time, Cambridge Prospective Memory Test: Time-based task; Event, CAMPROMPT: Event-based task; Total, CAMPROMPT: Event-based & Time-based task; DKEFS, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; Sorting: Sort, Sorting test # of sort; Sorting: Score, Sorting test: Score; RCFT: Copy, Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy score; K-CWST, Korean-Color Word Stroop Test; C: Correct, Color reading: # of Correct; C: Errors, Color reading: # of errors; C: RT, Color reading: Reaction time; IGT: C+D, Iowa Gambling Task: C+D.

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