PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
INTRODUCTION
A duplicated internal auditory canal (DIAC) is a rare subtype of internal auditory canal (IAC) anomalies and is usually associated with ipsilateral congenital sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Thus far, 44 DIAC cases have been reported (123456789101112131415161718192021222324), but reports on their imaging features are limited. DIAC is frequently misdiagnosed as IAC stenosis in clinical practice because of lack of knowledge about its imaging features (91321). Vestibulocochlear nerves (VCNs) or cochlear nerves (CNs) in stenotic IACs are usually dysplastic; as such, most of the patients can undergo and benefit from electronic cochlear implantation (ECI) (2125). In comparison, in DIAC, these nerves usually appear aplastic; thus, most of the patients do not achieve marked benefits from ECI (2024). Hence, preoperative accurate diagnosis of DIAC through computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is necessary to facilitate selection of the appropriate treatment. A preoperative understanding of the accompanying temporal bone anomalies, such as outer, middle, and inner ear malformation and facial nerve (FN) canal migration, is considerably useful for otologists to be able to design appropriate operative approaches for DIAC patients who are suitable for ECI (26).
Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the imaging data of 12 DIAC patients (13 ears) admitted to our institution over the past 8 years. The purpose of this study was to summarize the imaging features of these ears on high-resolution CT (HRCT) and HRMRI.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective study and waived the requirement for obtaining informed patient consent.
Study Population
The ear HRCT images of 64813 SNHL patients diagnosed from August 2009 to November 2017 were retrieved from a picture archiving and communication system in our institution by an experienced otoradiologist. Among these, 12 patients (13 ears) were diagnosed with DIACs according to the following morphological criteria, based on HRCT images: 1) the IAC was divided into 2 or 3 canals by a complete or incomplete bony septum; 2) the duplicated canals were connected to the FN canal or the vestibule and the cochlea. Among these patients, patient 11 had been previously reported (24).
The age of the DIAC patients ranged from 4 months to 80 years (4 males and 8 females) (Table 1). Ipsilateral hearing impairment since childhood was the main clinical presentation (n = 10); two of these patients also had tinnitus or vertigo. The two other cases were referred to our hospital for microtia and external auditory canal (EAC) atresia, and one of them had left facial palsy since birth. Auditory brainstem responses revealed that all of the affected ears presented a variable degree of SNHL, ranging from moderate to profound (27). The Caroli test indicated mild vestibular weakness in two ears. FN examination showed left peripheral facial palsy (House-Brackmann grade IV) in one affected ear. Other results were normal. None of the patients had a family history of DIAC.
CT and MRI Acquisition
A 64-section CT scanner (Light Speed 64, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) was used with the following parameters: 100 kV or 120 kV and 120 mAs or 150 mAs; pitch: 0.5371:1; slice thickness: 0.625 mm; reconstruction interval: 0.3 mm; window width and window level: 4000 HU and 650 HU, respectively; and field-of-view: 250 × 250 mm.
A MAGNETOM (1.5T) (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) was utilized for magnetic resonance scanning in 9 patients. The parameters were as follows: three-dimensional (3D) sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolutions sequence, repetition time = 2200 ms, echo time = 264 ms, flip angle = 150°, matrix = 324 × 320, field-of-view = 12 cm, slice thickness = 0.5 mm, signal-to-noise ratio = 1.0, and number of excitations = 2. On an AW 4.3 (GE Healthcare), the axial multiple planar reformation (MPR) CT image of the bony CN canal (through the mid-modiolar section), the oblique axial MPR (parallel to the long axis of duplicated canals), the oblique coronal MPR (parallel to the long axis of duplicated canals), and the parasagittal MPR (perpendicular to the long axis of duplicated canals), as well as the volume rendering CT images and MRI (threshold: 100–600 HU), were reconstructed.
Image Evaluation
The HRCT (12 DIAC cases) and MRI (9 DIAC cases) were re-evaluated independently by 2 experienced otoradiologists. Any disagreement between them was resolved through consensus. The side, bony septum (completeness, thickness [middle], and stereodirection), diameter (middle), connection, and neural components of duplicated canals (VCN, superior/inferior vestibular nerve [SVN/IVN], CN, and FN) and accompanying temporal anomalies (inner, middle, and outer ear anomalies, and FN migration) and systemic anomalies, were recorded. The direction of the bony septum was classified into horizontal, oblique, and vertical directions, based on the lateral semicircular canal. The related diagnostic criteria were as follows: 1) VCN, FN, CN, SVN, and IVN were classified as normal, hypoplastic, aplastic on the oblique axial, coronal, and parasagittal MRI scans (28). 2) On CT images, the bony CN canal was considered stenotic if its diameter was < 1.4 mm (29). 3) The migration of the FN or FN canal was determined according to the method described by Vincenti et al. (16).
RESULTS
The frequency of DIAC among patients with SNHL was 0.019% (12/64813).
CT Findings
The 13 explored IACs were divided into double canals by complete (n = 6) (Figs. 1, 2, 3) and incomplete (n = 7) bony septa (Fig. 4). The stereodirection of the bony septum ranged from horizontal (Fig. 1) to approximately vertical (Fig. 2). All of the superoanterior canals were continuous with the labyrinthine segment of the FN canal, except for 1 that also extended to the vestibule (Fig. 4). The diameter ranged from 0.60 mm to 2.53 mm (mean: 1.32 mm). The duplicated FN canal meatuses in 2 cases (15.4%) were anterosuperiorly located (Figs. 2, 3) in the temporal petrous part. The inferoposterior canals were continuous with the cochlea and vestibule, except for 2 that also extended to the FN canals through accessory canals (Fig. 3). The diameter ranged from 0.50 mm to 2.1 mm (mean: 1.27 mm). All 13 ears were associated with temporal anomalies: inner ear malformations (including a narrow bony CN canal [n = 12, 92.3%] (Figs. 1, 2), enlarged vestibules and dysplastic lateral semicircular canals [n = 3]), and middle and outer ear malformations (each n = 2, including ossicle dysplasia, microtia, and EAC atresia). In 1 case, the tympanic cavity was separated from the inner ear by a thick bony wall with oval and round window atresia and anterior migration of the mastoid segment of the FN canal. All of the duplicated canals and bony septa were completely demonstrated on the oblique axial, oblique coronal, and parasagittal CT MPR images. The meatuses of duplicated canals and bony septa (Figs. 1, 2, 3) were clearly depicted in 3D volume-rendering images.
MRI Findings
In total, 77.8% (7/9) and 22.2% (2/9) of VCNs were aplastic (Figs. 1, 2) and hypoplastic (Fig. 4), respectively. Furthermore, 88.9% (8/9) of FNs were normal, except for 1 that was hypoplastic, on MRI. All of the FNs entered the anterosuperior canals, and 2 of them migrated anterosuperiorly beneath the ipsilateral trigeminal nerve (Fig. 2). One of the 2 hypoplastic VCNs, together with its FN, entered the anterosuperior canal (Fig. 4), and the other VCN entered the posteroinferior canal. In the IAC segment, in 2 DIAC patients with hypoplastic VCNs, the hypoplastic SVN and IVN of 1 case and the hypoplastic CN and IVN of the other case, were found in the posteroinferior canals. The remaining posteroinferior canals were vacant. In addition, 33.3% (3/9) of the double canals with enlarged vestibules and the dysplastic lateral semicircular canals could be seen in the volume-rendering images.
DISCUSSION
The prevalence of DIAC has yet to be reported. In our investigation, the rate of occurrence of DIAC among SNHL patients was 0.019%. Our study demonstrated that relatively narrow double canals, divided by a bony septum in the affected IACs of the DIAC patients, were the characteristic HRCT feature, and the VCNs of the affected ears usually appeared aplastic, with intact FNs, on HRMRI. This observation was consistent with the findings of previous studies (5182430). Most cases of DIAC were misdiagnosed as IAC stenosis on conventional CT, because of the relatively narrow duplicated canals and incomplete bony septa. Previous studies and our own pilot studies demonstrated that most of the VCNs or CNs in the affected ears of patients with IAC stenosis are dysplastic (2531), and most of these patients can benefit from ECI; conversely, VCNs or CNs of DIAC patients are aplastic, and most of them are unsuitable for ECI (23). Thus, accurate diagnosis and differentiation between these conditions, preoperatively, are necessary to help otologists choose the appropriate treatment methods.
DIAC affects ears unilaterally, and rarely occurs in bilateral ears (19). It can present as an isolated finding (79), occasionally associated with other temporal malformations (1518) or can form part of some syndromes, such as Klippel-Feil syndrome (11) and pontine tegmental cap dysplasia (2223). In our patient series, 100% (13 ears) of DIACs were accompanied by temporal malformations, including 100% inner ear malformations, 15.4% middle ear anomalies, and 15.4% outer ear anomalies, but these cases did not have other syndromes. In this series, we found a rare case characterized by separation of the middle ear from the inner ear by a thick bony wall, with oval and round window atresia. No similar case has yet been reported. For DIAC patients requiring ECI, preoperative detection of an accompanying thick bony wall, EAC atresia, FN migration, and round window atresia would be of considerable help to otologists to design appropriate surgical approaches.
In previous studies, patients with DIAC presented a variable degree of hearing dysfunction since childhood; some of them suffered from tinnitus and vertigo (618), and they rarely had FN dysfunction (18). In this study, the percentages of hearing, vestibular, and FN dysfunctions were 100% (13/13), 15.4% (2/13), and 7.7% (1/13), respectively. In this series, profound SNHL was the most common clinical presentation, accounting for 76.9% (10/13).
Given the complexities of completeness, thickness, and stereodirection of bony septa, and the connection of duplicated canals, it was difficult to reveal them clearly on a single conventional axial, coronal, or sagittal CT image. Our study showed that only three CT MPR images, utilized together, could avoid misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. In addition, CT volume rendering images could three-dimensionally depict the meatus of duplicated canals and the bony septum. Thus, this modality could be used complementarily with MPR images.
The nerve structures (VCNs and FNs) in the cisternal segment could be easily depicted, while the branches of the VCN and FN, especially dysplastic ones, in the relatively narrow duplicated canals were not easily demonstrated because of insufficient cerebrospinal fluid. In 1 case with a dysplastic VCN, depicted by MRI in this series, the CN could not be shown, although submillimeter HRMRI was applied. Considering their clinical presentation and moderate SNHL, as revealed by an auditory test, we considered that this CN did exist but might be dysplastic. Thus, the CN evaluation of patients with DIAC through MRI should be integrated with full auditory test results and clinical presentation to obtain accurate information for the selection of suitable candidates for ECI.
This study had a few limitations. First, the number of DIAC patients was small because of the rarity of this phenomenon. Second, the vestibular function of the affected ears was evaluated with the Caroli test only, which might have been insufficient. As such, more comprehensive tests should be conducted to evaluate vestibular functions in future studies. Finally, although a submillimeter high-resolution sequence was applied in our study, some severely hypoplastic VCNs or CNs might be misdiagnosed as aplastic because of the limitation in the spatial resolution of MRI.
In conclusion, DIAC is a rare IAC anomaly that accounts for 0.019% of SNHL patients. The affected ears usually present profound SNHL. A double-canal appearance is the characteristic feature of DIAC in HRCT scans, and is usually accompanied by other ear anomalies. Conversely, the VCN commonly appears as aplastic, with a normal FN, on HRMRI. Therefore, ECI should be cautiously used in patients with DIAC.
XML Download