1. Diener E. The science of well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener. 1st ed. New York: Springer Science & Business Media;2009. p. 274.
2. Suh EK, Koo JS. A Concise Measure of Subjective Well-Being (COMOSWB): Scale development and validation. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology. 2011; 25(1):95–113. DOI:
10.21193/kjspp.2011.25.1.006.
3. Seyed Ahmadi, Seyed Ahmadi, Golmakani N, Khajehpoor M, Azizi Mayvan F. The relationship between happiness and fear of childbirth in nulliparous women. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health. 2017; 5(4):1082–1089. DOI:
10.22038/JMRH.2017.8324.
4. Cheng CY, Pickler RH. Maternal psychological well-being and salivary cortisol in late pregnancy and early post-partum. Stress and Health. 2010; 26(3):215–224. DOI:
10.1002/smi.1285.
5. Kiehl EM, White MA. Maternal adaptation during childbearing in Norway, Sweden and the United States. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2003; 17(2):96–103. DOI:
10.1046/j.1471-6712.2003.00116.x.
6. Kang SK, Choi JH, Chung MR. The relationships among pregnant women and their spouses' communications with their parents, marital communications, stress-coping style, and subjective well-being. Journal of Children's Literature and Education. 2015; 16(3):529–551.
7. Noh NI, Yeom HA. Development of the Korean Paternal-Fetal Attachment Scale(K-PAFAS). Asian Nursing Research. 2017; 11(2):98–106. DOI:
10.1016/j.anr.2017.05.001.
8. Kim BS, Choi SJ, Choi EM. Happiness and government's role: A study on the mediating effect of quality of life between public services and happiness. Korean Public Administration Review. 2015; 49(4):97–122. DOI:
10.18333/KPAR.49.4.97.
9. Jayasvasti K, Kanchanatawan B. Happiness and related factors in pregnant women. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand=Chotmaihet Thangphaset. 2005; 88:S220–S225.
10. Heo SY. An analysis of ecological variables affecting adolescent happiness [dissertation]. [Seoul]: Sookmyung Women's University;2009. 145.
11. Shin YJ, Lee HJ, Yoon HS, Nam GC, Kim PS. Research on low fertility and population aging: A study on utilization of community resources for childbirth and child care. Cooperative Research. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs;2007. 12. Report No.: 978-89-8187-433-9.
12. Bronfenbrenner U. The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. USA: Harvard University Press;1981. p. 352.
13. Koo JS, Suh EK. Happiness in Korea: Who is happy and when? Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology. 2011; 25(2):143–166. DOI:
10.21193/kjspp.2011.25.2.008.
14. Calou CGP, Pinheiro AKB, Castro RCMB, de Oliveira MF, de Souza, Antezana FJ. Health related quality of life of pregnant women and associated factors: An integrative review. Health. 2014; 6(18):2375–2387. DOI:
10.4236/health.2014.618273.
15. Jeon YK. The association between body image and depression, spouse support, and pre-pregnancy body mass index in pregnant women [master's thesis]. [Seoul]: Yonsei University;2016. 67.
16. Yang KM, Kim SL. Effects of a Taegyo program on parent-fetal attachment and parenthood in first pregnancy couples. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2010; 40(4):571–579. DOI:
10.4040/jkan.2010.40.4.571.
17. Im HS, Hwang HS. Analysis of causes affecting the subjective well-being of the degree of satisfaction of the service of longterm care facilities. Journal of Welfare for the Aged Institute. 2011; 54:237–261.
18. Glazier RH, Elgar FJ, Goel V, Holzapfel S. Stress, social support, and emotional distress in a community sample of pregnant women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2004; 25(3-4):247–255. DOI:
10.1080/01674820400024406.
19. Costa PT, McCrae RR. Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment. 1992; 4(1):5–13. DOI:
10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.5.
20. Ahn CK, Chae JH. Standardization of the Korean version of the revised NEO personality inventory. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy. 1997; 9(1):443–472.
21. Kim SW. Differential effects of humor advertising by expression type: The moderating effects of NEO-FFI Personality Type [master's thesis]. [Gyeongsan]: Yeungnam University;2008. 111.
22. Kim Y, Chung CW. Development of the Korean Pregnancy Stress Scale. Japan Journal of Nursing Science. 2018; 15(2):113–124. DOI:
10.1111/jjns.12175.
23. Brown A, Rance J, Warren L. Body image concerns during pregnancy are associated with a shorter breast feeding duration. Midwifery. 2015; 31(1):80–89. DOI:
10.1016/j.midw.2014.06.003.
24. Kim HW, Hong KJ. Development of a maternal identity scale for pregnant women. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 1996; 26(3):531–543. DOI:
10.4040/jnas.1996.26.3.531.
26. Kim SN. A structural model for quality of life in women having hysterectomies. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 1999; 29(1):161–173. DOI:
10.4040/jkan.1999.29.1.161.
27. Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1988; 52(1):30–41. DOI:
10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2.
28. Shin JS, Lee YB. The effects of social supports on psychosocial well-being of the unemployed. Korean Journal of Social Welfare. 1999; 37:241–269.
29. Kim JI, Kim YK, Jo YM. A study on the factors affecting happiness in nursing students. Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society. 2016; 18(2):1137–1149.
30. Kim BS, Kim HY, Lee SJ. The effect of forest experiences on happiness and positive psychology of Korean middle-aged women in Seoul and the surrounding metropolitan cities. The Journal of Korean institute of Forest Recreation. 2013; 17(3):65–73.