Effects of Irrational Parenthood Cognition, Family Support, and Resilience on Depression of Infertile Women

Eun Young Cho; Mi-Hae Sung

doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2019.25.1.60

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Cho and Sung: Effects of Irrational Parenthood Cognition, Family Support, and Resilience on Depression of Infertile Women

Original Article

Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing 2019; 25(1): 60-72.

Published online: 14 March 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2019.25.1.60

Effects of Irrational Parenthood Cognition, Family Support, and Resilience on Depression of Infertile Women

Eun Young Cho¹

, Mi-Hae Sung²

¹Nurse, Pusan National University Hospital, Nurse, Busan, Korea.

²Professor, Department of Nursing, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.

Corresponding author: Mi-Hae Sung. Department of Nursing, Inje University College of Medicine, Institute of Health Science, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea. Tel: +82-51-890-6825, Fax: +82-51-896-9840, nursmh@inje.ac.kr

Received 15 January 2019 Revised 25 February 2019 Accepted 26 February 2019

Korean Society of Women Health Nursing

(open-access):

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

To determine effects of irrational parenthood cognition, family support, and resilience on depression in infertile women.

Methods

Subjects were 118 infertile women who agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected from April 16 to July 31, 2018. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's correlation and multiple regression with SPSS WIN 23.0 program.

Results

Depression significantly differed according to the burden of treatment cost and presence of people giving stress. Depression showed significantly positive correlation with irrational parenthood cognition and significantly negative correlations with family support and resilience. Factors affecting depression were irrational parenthood cognition, family support, and resilience. Irrational parenthood cognition had the greatest effect on depression. These three variables explained 35.8% of total variance.

Conclusion

Irrational parenthood cognition, family support, and resilience affected depression of infertile women, with irrational parenthood cognition having the greatest effect. Therefore, it is important to develop and implement programs that can reduce irrational parenthood cognition and increase family support and resilience in order to lower depression of infertile women. The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Keywords: Infertility, female, Cognition, Social support, Resilience, psychological, Depression

Figures and Tables

Table 1

General and Infertility Related Characteristics of Subjects (N=118)

Characteristics	Category		n(%)	M±SD
Age (year)	<35		43 (36.4)	36.16±4.55
	35–39		54 (45.8)
	≥40		21 (17.8)
Spouse age (year)	<35		30 (25.4)	37.60±4.53
	35–39		57 (48.3)
	≥40		31 (26.3)
Religion	Yes		49 (41.5)
Religion	No		69 (58.5)
Education	≤High school		7 (5.9)
	University (college)		88 (74.6)
	≥Graduate school		23 (19.5)
Job	Yes		69 (58.5)
Job	No		49 (41.5)
Monthly household income (1,000 won)	<350		29 (24.6)	506.10±228.32
	350–599		52 (44.1)
	≥600		37 (31.4)
Economy burden of treatment cost	Mild		22 (18.6)
	Moderate		67 (56.8)
	Severe		29 (24.6)
Age at marriage (year)	<30		44 (37.3)	31.75±4.64
	30–34		44 (37.3)
	≥35		30 (25.4)
Spouse age at marriage (year)	<30		23 (19.5)	33.19±4.64
	30–34		54 (45.8)
	≥35		41 (34.7)
Length of marriage (month)	<36		34 (28.8)	54.36±31.45
	36–71		52 (44.1)
	≥72		32 (27.1)
Cohabitants other than the spouse	Yes		6 (5.1)
		Child	1 (16.7)
		Woman's family	2 (33.3)
		Spouse's family	3 (50.0)
	No		112 (94.9)
People giving stress (multiple responses)	Yes		57 (48.3)
		Spouse	18 (25.0)
		Woman's family	10 (13.9)
		Spouse's family	27 (37.5)
		Others	17 (23.6)
	No		61 (51.7)
Length of infertility treatment (month)	<12		48 (40.7)	22.71±23.09
	12–35		38 (32.2)
	≥36		32 (27.1)
Causes of infertility	Unexplained		62 (52.5)
	Female		40 (33.9)
	Male		12 (10.2)
	Both		4 (3.4)
Experience of infertility treatment (multiple responses)	Yes		91 (77.1)
		Induction	42 (31.1)
		AI	40 (29.6)
		IVF	53 (39.3)
	No		27 (22.9)
Experience of abortion	Yes		37 (31.4)
Experience of abortion	No		81 (68.6)
Relationship with spouse after receiving infertility care	Not change		104 (88.1)
	Get better		11 (9.3)
	Get worse		3 (2.5)

M±SD=mean±standard deviation; AI=artificial insemination; IVF=in vitro fertilization.

Table 2

Degree of Irrational Parenthood Cognition, Family Support, Resilience and Depression (N=118)

Variables		Min	Max	n(%) or M±SD	Range
Irrational parenthood cognition		10	49	27.54±8.71	0–52
Family support		15	35	30.00±4.56	7–35
Resilience		31	99	63.92±12.92	0–100
Depression		0	52	11.40±8.26	0–63
	Minimal			74 (62.7)	0–13
	Mild			25 (21.2)	14–19
	Moderate			16 (13.6)	20–28
	Severe			3 (2.5)	29–63

M±SD=mean±standard deviation.

Table 3

Depression according to General and Infertility Related Characteristics (N=118)

Characteristics	Category	M±SD	t/F	p
Age (year)	<35	11.67±6.68	0.81	.446
	35–39	11.98±9.66
	≥40	9.33±7.26
Spouse age (year)	<35	11.40±6.68	2.54	.083
	35–39	12.84±9.35
	≥40	8.74±6.96
Religion	Yes	10.18±7.60	−1.35	.179
Religion	No	12.26±8.65	−1.35	.179
Education	≤High school	12.29±6.21	0.59	.559
	University (college)	11.76±8.47
	≥Graduate school	9.74±8.05
Job	Yes	12.46±8.77	1.68	.097
Job	No	9.90±7.31	1.68	.097
Monthly household income (1,000 won)	<350	11.17±10.51	0.08	.928
	350–599	11.73±7.44
	≥600	11.11±7.56
Economy burden of infertility cost	Mild^a	8.00±6.26	3.32	.040 (a<b,c)^†
	Moderate^b	11.43±7.79
	Severe^c	13.90±9.85
Age at marriage (year)	<30	13.14±7.70	1.64	.198
	30–34	10.66±9.03
	≥35	9.93±7.67
Spouse age at marriage (year)	<30	13.22±7.60	2.86	.061
	30–34	12.46±9.08
	≥35	8.98±7.01
Length of marriage (month)	<36	10.59±7.12	1.04	.357
	36–71	10.83±7.43
	≥72	13.19±10.39
Cohabitants other than the spouse	Yes	13.67±10.60	−0.69	.492
Cohabitants other than the spouse	No	11.28±8.16	−0.69	.492
People giving stress	Yes	14.26±9.49	−3.79	<.001
People giving stress	No	8.72±5.83	−3.79	<.001
Length of infertility treatment (month)	<12	10.33±6.60	0.93	.396
	12–35	11.47±6.84
	≥36	12.91±11.46
Causes of infertility	Unexplained	10.19±7.19	1.25	.297
	Female	12.33±7.86
	Male	14.67±13.50
	Both	11.00±7.35
Experience of infertility treatment	Yes	11.59±8.57	−0.47	.640
Experience of infertility treatment	No	10.74±7.22	−0.47	.640
Experience of abortion	Yes	12.68±8.37	−1.14	.258
Experience of abortion	No	10.81±8.19	−1.14	.258
Relationship with spouse after receiving infertility care	Not change	11.32±8.48	0.94	.394
	Get better	10.45±6.59
	Get worse	17.67±3.06

M±SD=mean±standard deviation.

^†Scheffé test.

Table 4

Correlation among a Study Variables (N=118)

Variable	r (p)
Variable	Irrational parenthood cognition	Family support	Resilience	Depression
Irrational parenthood cognition	1
Family support	−.03 (.712)	1
Resilience	−.23 (.014)	.39 (<.001)	1
Depression	.46 (<.001)	−.34 (<.001)	−.41 (<.001)	1

Table 5

Factors Influencing on Depression (N=118)

Variable	B	SE	β	t	p
(Constant)	23.29	5.05		4.62	<.001
Economy burden of treatment cost^†	−1.42	1.61	−.07	−0.88	.378
People giving infertility stress^†	−2.60	1.32	−.16	−1.97	.051
Irrational parenthood cognition	0.33	0.08	.35	4.42	<.001
Family support	−0.34	0.15	−.19	−2.23	.028
Resilience	−0.15	0.05	−.23	−2.74	.007
R²=.38, Adjusted R²=.35, F=14.04, p<.001

SE=standard error.

^†Dummy variable: economy burden of treatment cost (reference=mild), people giving infertility stress (reference=no).

Notes

This manuscript is a condensed form of the first author's master's thesis from Inje University.

^{Conflict of Interest} The authors declared no conflict of interest.

^{Author Contributions}

Conceptualization: Cho EY, Sung MH.
Formal analysis: Cho EY.
Investigation: Cho EY.
Methodology: Cho EY.
Software: Cho EY.
Supervision: Sung MH.
Writing - original draft: Cho EY.
Writing - review & editing: Sung MH.

Summary Statement

• What is already known about this topic?

Depression of infertile women is known to be higher than that of women who are fertile
• What this paper adds?

This paper reveals that irrational parenthood cognition, family support, and resilience can affect depression of infertile women, among which irrational parenthood cognition is the most influential.
• Implications for practice, education and/or policy

There is a need to change irrational parenthood cognition to decrease depression of infertile women.

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ORCID iDs

Eun Young Cho
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5556-5848

Mi-Hae Sung
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5769-5857

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