Validity and Reliability of a Korean Version of Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C)

Jung Ho Kim; Ji Hyun Song; Ran Kim; Mi Young Jang; Hyon Joo Hong; Hyun Ji Kim; Sung Hee Shin

doi:10.4040/jkan.2019.49.1.59

Journal List > J Korean Acad Nurs > v.49(1) > 1117327

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Kim, Song, Kim, Jang, Hong, Kim, and Shin: Validity and Reliability of a Korean Version of Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C)

Original Article

J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(1):59-68.

Published online: 15 January 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.1.59

Validity and Reliability of a Korean Version of Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C)

Jung Ho Kim¹, Ji Hyun Song¹, Ran Kim¹, Mi Young Jang¹, Hyon Joo Hong¹, Hyun Ji Kim¹, Sung Hee Shin^2,

¹College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul

²College of Nursing Science · East-West Nursing Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea

Address reprint requests to : Shin, Sung Hee College of Nursing Science and East-West Nursing Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea Tel: +82-2-961-0917 Fax: +82-2-961-9398 E-mail: sunghshin@khu.ac.kr

Received 20 August 2018 Revised 31 December 2018 Accepted 2 January 2019

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

Abstract

Purpose

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Korean version of Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C).

Methods

Participants were 419 young adolescent students (11~15 years old). The content validity of the expert group was calculated as the content validity index (CVI) after the translation and reverse translation process of the 25 items of the YFAS-C. The multitrait-multimethod matrix (MTMM) method was used to verify the construct validity; the generalized linear model (GLM) was used to evaluate the concurrent and incremental validity. Reliability was calculated as Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20) and Spearman-Brown coefficients.

Results

The CVI of the 25 items was greater than the item-level CVI .80 and the scale-level CVI .90. The Korean version of YFAS-C had verified convergent validity in emotional eating and external eating and discriminant validity in restrained eating. In addition, it had verified concurrent validity in emotional eating and external eating. Finally the incremental validity of the Korean version of YFAS-C was statistically significant on BMI. Reliability was KR-20 a=.69 and the Spearman-Brown coefficient was .64.

Conclusion

The Korean version of YFAS-C is a valid and reliable scale for measuring the severity of food addiction; it can be a useful scale for preventing obesity by predicting food addiction early.

Keywords: Validity and Reliability, Food addictions, Child, Adolescent

References

1. Avena NM, Gold MS. Food and addiction: sugars, fats and hedonic overeating. Addiction. 2011; 106(7):1214–1215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03373.x.

2. Pandit R, de Jong JW, Vanderschuren LJ, Adan RA. Neurobiology of overeating and obesity: The role of melanocortins and beyond. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2011; 660(1):28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.034.

3. Wilson GT. Eating disorders, obesity and addiction. European Eating Disorders Review. 2010; 18(5):341–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1048.

4. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite. 2009; 52(2):430–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.003.

5. Meule A. How prevalent is “food addiction”? Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2011; 2:61. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00061.

6. Şanlier N, Türközü D, Toka O. Body image, food addiction, depression, and body mass index in university students. Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 2016; 55(6):491–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2016.1219951.

7. Hauck C, Weiß A, Schulte EM, Meule A, Ellrott T. Prevalence of ‘food addiction’ as measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in a representative German sample and its association with sex, age and weight categories. Obesity Facts. 2017; 10(1):12–24. https://doi.org/10.1159/000456013.

8. Keser A, Yüksel A, Yeşiltepe-Mutlu G, Bayhan A, Özsu E, Hatun Ş. A new insight into food addiction in childhood obesity. The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics. 2015; 57(3):219–224.

9. Lee SG. Identifying and predicting patterns of healthy behaviors among elementary school children. Journal of Social Sciences. 2015; 26(2):251–271. https://doi.org/10.16881/jss.2015.04.26.2.251.

10. Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). The twelfth Korea youth risk behavior web-based survey,2016. Seoul: KCDC;2016. Dec. Report No.:11705.

11. Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury AK, Sofi NY, Kumar R, Bhadoria AS. Childhood obesity: Causes and consequences. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2015; 4(2):187–192. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.154628.

12. Kim KO, Jeon YH, Kim YS. The effects of mental health on obesity among Korean adolescents. Journal of Digital Convergence. 2014; 12(10):467–476. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2014.12.10.467.

13. National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). 2017 The obesity white paper. Wonju: NHIS;2017. p. 130.

14. van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1986; 5(2):295–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198602)5:2<295::AID-EAT2260050209>3.0.CO;2-T.

15. Kim HJ, Lee IS, Kim JH. A study of the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1996; 15(1):141–150.

16. Kim YR, Cho SH, Moon JJ. Addictive aspects of eating disorders and obesity. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. 2012; 51(1):36–44.

17. Lee SJ, Cloninger CR, Chae H. Cloninger’s temperament and character traits in medical students of Korea with problem eating behaviors. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2015; 59:98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.02.006.

18. Gearhardt AN, Roberto CA, Seamans MJ, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for children. Eating Behaviors. 2013; 14(4):508–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.07.002.

19. Pursey KM, Stanwell P, Gearhardt AN, Collins CE, Burrows TL. The prevalence of food addiction as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale: A systematic review. Nutrients. 2014; 6(10):4552–4590. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104552.

20. Woo JP. The concept and understanding of structural equation model: Amos 4.0-20.0. Hannarae: Seoul;2012. p. 275–361.

21. Chapman DW, Carter JF. Translation procedures for the cross cultural use of measurement instruments. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. 1979; 1(3):71–76. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737001003071.

22. Polit DF, Beck CT, Owen SV. Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in Nursing and Health. 2007; 30(4):459–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199.

23. Brahma SS. Assessment of construct validity in management research: A structured guideline. Journal of Management Research. 2009; 9(2):59–71.

24. Myers RH, Montgomery DC. A tutorial on generalized linear models. Journal of Quality Technology. 1997; 29(3):274–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224065.1997.11979769.

25. Runco MA, Walczyk JJ, Acar S, Cowger EL, Simundson M, Tripp S. The incremental validity of a short form of the ideational Behavior Scale and usefulness of distractor, contraindicative, and Lie Scales. Journal of Creative Behavior. 2014; 48(3):185–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.47.

26. Burnham KP, Anderson DR. Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach. 2nd ed. New York: Springer;2010. p. 70.

27. Field A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. 4th ed. London: SAGE;2013. p. 262–279.

28. Meule A, von Rezori V, Blechert J. Food addiction and bulimia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review. 2014; 22(5):331–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2306.

29. Meule A, Gearhardt AN. Five years of the Yale Food Addiction Scale: Taking stock and moving forward. Current Addiction Reports. 2014; 1(3):193–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-014-0021-z.

30. Bailer J, Rist F, Bräuer W, Rey ER. Patient Rejection Scale: Correlations with symptoms, social disability and number of rehospitalizations. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1994; 244(1):45–48.

31. Han GC, Lee EJ, Lee JH, Park SN, Lee HY, Jeon EJ, et al. The study of standardization for a Korean adaptation of self-report measures of dizziness. Journal of the Korean Balance Society. 2004; 3(2):307–325.

32. Lemeshow AR, Rimm EB, Hasin DS, Gearhardt AN, Flint AJ, Field AE, et al. Food and beverage consumption and food addiction among women in the Nurses’ Health Studies. Appetite. 2018; 121:186–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.038.

Table 1.

Characteristics of Particip pants (N=417)

Variables	M	SD	Minimum	Maximum	Skewness	Kurtosis
Age (yr)	13.74	1.27	11.00	15.00	0.56	-0.55
Height (cm)	157.21	9.16	128.00	184.00	-0.16	0.59
Weight (Kg)	49.32	10.40	24.00	83.00	0.55	0.52
BMI (Kg/m²)	19.79	2.90	13.42	27.73	0.52	-0.05
Restrained eating	2.34	1.05	1.00	5.00	0.41	-0.68
Emotional eating	1.62	0.79	1.00	5.00	1.44	1.67
External eating	2.84	0.98	1.00	5.00	0.13	-0.51
Food addiction symptoms	0.99	1.26	0.00	6.00	0.15	1.88

BMI=Body Mass Index; M=mean; SD=Standard Deviation.

Table 2.

Endorsement Rates for YFAS-C Symptoms (N=417)

	Met	Did not meet
Sub-domain of YFAS-C	symptom	symptom
	n (%)	n (%)
Large amount of time spent	39 (9.4)	378 (90.6)
Persistent desire	119 (28.5)	298 (71.5)
Activity to obtain, use, recover	14 (3.4)	403 (96.6)
Given up activities	63 (15.1)	354 (84.9)
Inability to cut down	66 (15.8)	351 (84.2)
Tolerance	74 (17.7)	343 (82.3)
Withdrawal	38 (9.1)	379 (90.9)
Clinically impairment or distress^†	25 (6.0)	392 (94.0)
Addiction symptoms≥3^††	52 (12.5)	365 (87.5)

YFAS-C=Yale Food addiction Scale for Children.

^† Clinically significant impairment or distress in the last 12 months were classified as meeting the criteria for food addiction

^†† Three or more food addiction symptoms were classified as the food addiction risk group.

Table 3.

Correlation between Eating Behaviors and Food Addiction Symptoms (N=417)

Variables	Restrained eating	Emotional eating	External eating
		r (p)
Restrained eating	1
Emotional eating	.11 (.020)	1
External eating	-.04 (.451)	.48 (<.001)	1
Food addiction symptoms	.11 (.020)	.39 (<.001) .	31 (<.001)

Table 4.

Concurrent Validity for Food Addiction High Risk Group (N=417)

Variables	b	S.E	c² (df)	p
Constants	-9.19	2.05	20.05 (1)	<.001
Restrained eating	-0.25	0.38	0.43 (1)	.513
Emotional eating	0.82	0.39	4.46 (1)	.035
External eating	1.01	0.47	4.30 (1)	.038

S.E=Standard Error; df=degree of freedom.

Table 5.

Incremental Validity for BMI (N=417)

Variables	b	S.E	c² (df)	p	AIC
Model 1
Restrained eating	0.87	0.50	298.61 (1)	<.001
Emotional eating	-0.14	0.08	3.42 (1)	.064	3946.16
External eating	-0.15	0.07	4.36 (1)	.037
Model 2
Restrained eating	0.85	0.50	284.54 (1)	<.001
Emotional eating	-0.21	0.80	6.59 (1)	.010	3938.92
External eating	-0.19	0.72	6.87 (1)	.009
Food addiction symptoms	0.13	0.04	9.24 (1)	.002

S.E=Standard Error; df=degree of freedom; AIC=Akaike Information Criterion; BMI=Body Mass Index.

TOOLS

Similar articles