PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
INTRODUCTION
Progression to cancer is associated with an impaired function of the immune system [1]. In addition, inflammation plays an important role in cancer development, progression, and metastasis, and is related to tumor prognosis and therapeutic response by mediating interaction with the immune response [23]. Peripheral blood-based parameters have been studied as user-friendly and less expensive factors reflecting changes in immune response, and it has been suggested that circulating white blood cells, and changes in the proportions of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, may be associated with systemic inflammatory responses [4]. In previous studies, the association of host's immune/inflammatory status with the prognosis of cancer has been reported using hematologic parameters such as absolute monocyte count, absolute lymphocyte count, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) [1567891011].
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is one of the most common cancers and its close relation with chronic inflammation demonstrates a high incidence of thyroid cancer in patients with thyroiditis [5]. Henceforth, numerous studies have investigated the association of PTC with NLR, which is commonly used as an inflammatory marker, and demonstrated the prognostic value of NLR [7891011]. Based on the lack of consistency in the correlation between clinicopathological factors and NLR, and presence of evidence on direct long-term outcomes in patients, the use of NLR as a prognostic marker still remains controversial [12]. Until date, there exist no studies on the prognostic value of LMR as a marker, whereas two studies have reported the prognostic value of PLR as a marker, but the relationship with prognosis remains as unclear [1314].
Differentiated thyroid cancer is only cancer in which age is considered to be an independent prognostic factor in 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/TNM staging systems [15]. Patients over 45 years of age have a clearly differentiated poor prognosis compared to patients below 45 years of age. Changes in the immune system with an increase in age are thought to be one of the causes of these outcomes [16]. However, there is no research-based evidence to prove this theory.
Therefore, in this study, it was considered that other hematologic parameters should be studied because of the uncertainty of the clinical usefulness of NLR for PTC. In addition, it is assumed that changes in immunity due to aging may have resulted in inconsistent conclusions between the studies on the clinical usefulness of NLR. We sought to clarify the differences between hematologic markers and the clinicopathological factors of PTC patients by classifying them based on patient's age.
METHODS
Study population
We performed a retrospective analysis of 1,921 patients, aged ≥18 years who underwent thyroidectomy for PTC by a single surgeon in our hospital between January 2008 and January 2012. Excluding criteria were patients with hematologic disorders, a cancer treatment within past 12 months before surgery, acute myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization within 6 months before surgery and active infection or glucocorticoid usage within 3 months before surgery. Apparently, 1,846 patients (96.1%) were considered as eligible for further analysis. Patient's clinical characteristics and demographic data were collected through a chart review. We used the Seeplex BRAF ACE detection kit (Seegene, Seoul, Korea) to detect the BRAF V600E mutation in tumor tissues after thyroidectomy. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, the Sungkyunkwan University of Korea, on July 6, 2017 (KBSMC 2017-06-033). The institutional review board waived the need for written informed consent from the participants as the project was deemed to be in the low or negligible risk category in accordance with the Korean National Bioethics Committee ‘National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research’, 2017.
Blood sample analysis
Blood samples from all patients were obtained within 14 days before elective thyroidectomy. Blood sampling was performed in the morning with a fasting for more than 8 hours as biochemical tests included in the department's protocol for routine preoperative evaluation were also carried out. It was possible to standardize the known impact of circulating hormones (circadian rhythm) on the number and subtype distribution of the various white blood cell indices. The analysis of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (free T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroglobulin antigen/antibody (Ag/Ab) was also carried out. Hematological parameters (i.e., the number of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets) were counted by an automated hematology analyzer (XN-5000, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). LMR was calculated as the ratio of absolute counts between lymphocytes and monocytes, NLR as the ratio of absolute counts between neutrophils and lymphocytes, and PLR as the ratio of absolute counts between platelets and lymphocytes.
Statistical methods
The endpoints assessed were disease-free survival (DFS), which was calculated as the time between diagnosis and disease relapse, or death from PTC. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) analysis were performed to determine the most appropriate cutoff points for the LMR, NLR, and PLR. The score with the maximum sensitivity and specificity was selected as the best cutoff value, which decided the maximum value (sensitivity + specificity − 1) of the Youden index [17].
All statistical analyses were performed using R version 3.3.2 [181920]. The Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used for comparing clinicopathologic features between different age groups. DFS rates after surgical treatment were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. All tests were two-sided and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Management of PTC
Patients under the age of 45 years underwent hemithyroidectomy if there was no clinical suspicion of cervical lymph nodes (LNs) metastasis, large tumor size (>1 cm) or extrathyroidal extension (ETE), and a total thyroidectomy was considered in other cases. The patients underwent single-incision, gasless, and endoscopic transaxillary thyroidectomy depending on the patient's preference. This procedure was not applicable in cases with tumor measuring 4 cm or more in size, gross maximal ETE, multiple conglomerated LN metastases with extensive invasion of surrounding structures in the central compartment, and lateral cervical LN metastasis. The endoscopic transaxillary technique was performed using a single incision and as per the method described in previous literature [2122]. Routine ipsilateral prophylactic central LN dissection was performed for all patients regardless of tumor size or extent and clinical LN status. If lateral LNM was diagnosed in the preoperative examinations, therapeutic lateral cervical neck (level IIa, III, IV, and Vb, excluding sternocleidomastoid, jugular vein, and accessory nerve) dissection (LCND) was performed. As recommended by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines [23], prophylactic LCND was not performed.
Postoperative radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation at a dose of 30–150 mCi was performed 4–6 weeks after the operation. RAI was performed when patient's TSH level was above 30 mIU/L after either thyroxine withdrawal or recombinant TSH injections. In our institute, RAI ablation was performed in all patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with gross ETE, tumor size larger than 4 cm, cervical LN metastasis, or distant metastases. RAI ablation was also recommended for selected patients with minimal ETE, tumor size 1–4 cm, multiplicity, bilaterality and/or higher risk histologic features (tall cell, hobnail variant, columnar cell carcinoma) according to ATA guidelines [23]. After thyroidectomy, all patients underwent thyroglobulin Ag/Ab and TSH, free T4, and T3 measurements, neck ultrasound, whole-body iodine scanning, and chest radiography at 6-month intervals.
RESULTS
A total of 1,846 PTC patients were included in this analysis. Table 1 shows the comparisons of the clinicopathological characteristics and hematological data of patients in different age groups. The Y-group consisted of 914 patients aged < 45 years and the O-group consisted of 932 patients aged ≥ 45. LMR was significantly lower and NLR was higher in the Y-group than the O-group. Hemithyroidectomy and endoscopic surgery were performed more frequently in the Y-group compared to O-group. Instances of cervical LN metastasis, vessel invasion, and tumor bilaterality, which are associated with a poor prognosis, were more common in the O-group.
Cutoff values for the LMR, NLR, and PLR in patients with PTC
Based on the significant differences in the hematologic markers between the 2 groups, cut-off values were obtained for each group. ROC curve analysis was used to determine the optimal cutoff value for DFS. In the Y-group, the LMR cutoff point was 7.18 (AUC = 0.529), NLR was 2.1 (AUC = 0.562), and PLR was 164.24 (AUC = 0.560). In the O-group, the LMR cutoff point was 10.42 (AUC = 0.500), NLR was 1.99 (AUC = 0.579), and PLR was 127.41 (AUC = 0.501). Based on these cutoff values, we divided the patients into two groups (low-value vs. high-value) for survival analysis.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinicopathologic characteristics for DFS in PTC
The Table 2 shows the Cox regression analysis for DFS. In the univariate analysis, 6 or more metastatic LN (hazard ratio [HR], 5.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.51–13.93; P < 0.001), grossly ETE (HR, 5.51; 95% CI, 2.13–14.23; P < 0.001), and high PLR (HR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.10–6.12; P = 0.029), were associated with a worse DFS in the Y-group. In the O-group, tumor size (HR, 6.20; 95% CI, 2.00–19.24; P = 0.002), multifocality (HR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.27–9.02; P = 0.015), bilaterality (HR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.32–9.49; P = 0.012), 6 or more metastatic LNs (HR, 9.34; 95% CI, 3.40–25.71; P < 0.001), grossly ETE (HR, 4.86; 95% CI, 1.81–13.07; P = 0.002), lymphovascular invasion (HR, 11.14; 95% CI, 3.59–34.59; P < 0.001), and high NLR (HR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.23–8.73; P = 0.018) were associated with a worse DFS. No recurrence was noted in the patients without the BRAF V600E mutation in both the groups.
The multivariate analysis with associations emerging from the univariate analysis (P < 0.2) revealed that 6 or more metastatic LNs, grossly ETE and PLR status were independent predictors of DFS in the Y-group (6 or more metastatic LNs - HR, 4.61; 95% CI, 1.80–11.81; P = 0.002, grossly ETE - HR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.48–9.96; P = 0.006), high PLR (HR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.26–7.52; P = 0.014). In the O-group, lymphovascular invasion (HR, 3.99; 95% CI, 1.08–14.73; P = 0.038) and high NLR (HR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.08–8.09; P = 0.035) were the independent predictors of worse DFS.
DFS in terms of LMR, PLR, and NLR
After a median follow-up of 75 months (range, 1–115 months), of 1,846 patients, 37 patients (2.0%) experienced relapse, and 6 patients (0.3%) had died. Kaplan-Meier survival curves analysis showed that the DFS in the Y-group patients with low PLR was significantly longer compared to the patients with high PLR (P = 0.023). On the other hand, in the O-group, the classification according to PLR showed no statistical significance for DFS and low NLR was associated with a good prognosis (P = 0.012) (Fig. 1).
DISCUSSION
Thyroid cancer has been studied extensively with respect to NLR, and early studies have shown that patients with higher NLR had the higher risk of recurrence and poor prognosis [78911]. There exist reports on the association of higher NLR with factors suggesting poor prognoses, such as larger tumor size, multifocality, LN metastases, and higher TNM stage [12]. However, other studies have failed to demonstrate the association of NLR with prognosis [101124], and the correlation between clinicopathologic factors and NLR is still inconsistent. Considering the characteristics of thyroid cancer with few recurrences and deaths, a large number of samples are needed to evaluate prognostic factors. Therefore lack of sufficient sample sizes could be one reason of inconsitency. The statistical methodology and heterogeneity of cutoff values between studies can also be causes. However, in our opinion, the most likely cause of inconsistency between the previous reports is the nonconsideration of changes in the immune system based on age and absence of subgroup analysis according to age.
A gradual increase in the proinflammatory status occurs in the process of aging, which was originally called as “Inflamm-aging” [25]. Though there exists no valid evidence, an imbalance in inflammation homeostasis caused by oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, DNA damage, autophagy, and stem cell aging have been thought to bring about the changes in aging [26]. Inflammation and immunity coexist in the same pathological process and have the same cellular foundation. As age increases, the phenomenon of immunosenescence takes place with decreasing adaptive immunity, while the activation of innate immunity occurs with the rise in proinflammation, called as “Inflamm-aging” [27]. Therefore, Inflamm-aging and immunosenescence should not be considered separately [28]. Some authors have proposed the novel concept of immune/inflammatory aging (immuno-inflamm-aging), instead of the individual concepts of inflamm-aging and immunosenescence [26].
In this study, the prognostic values of NLR were different between the Y-group and O-group. In the O-group, a significant association of poor prognosis with higher NLR was noted, consistent with previous studies. On the other hand, in the Y-group, higher NLR was tendency for good prognosis, although there was no statistical significance. These conflicting results between the 2 age groups may explain the occurrence of inconsistencies in the prognostic value of NLR in previous studies. It is hypothesized that changes in the immune system with aging may have led to changes in the effect of inflammation on cancer progression or invasiveness. As a result, it could be presumed that the prognostic values of hematologic markers changes with aging.
High PLR in breast cancer has been associated with a poor prognosis [29]. Kim et al. [14] reported that high PLR was significantly associated with lateral LNM in female patients. Ozmen et al. [13] demonstrated the association between PLR and Tg level and reported that PLR could predict the occurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer. There has been no study on the association of PLR with long-term outcomes. In our study, unlike LMR and NLR, high PLR was associated with a poor prognosis, regardless of age, and demonstrated an independent prognostic value for predicting shorter DFS in patients under 45 years of age (HR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.26–7.52; P = 0.014).
This study has the advantages of the longest median follow-up period (75 months) and the second largest number of patients (n = 1,846) compared to the previous papers on the relationship between NLR and PTC. There are only three literature on direct long-term patient outcomes [91011], and only the study by Kim et al. [9] demonstrated the prognostic value of NLR. They suggested that the high NLR in the stages III–IV subgroup was a negative prognostic marker for DFS; however the reason behind such an obervation was not provided in their sudies [9]. The results from the reported studies are consistent with our results that NLR has a significant prognostic value in patients over 45 years of age, considering 7th edition of the AJCC staging system can be categorized as stage III–IV only at the age of 45 years or older and over 45 years of age were included in the present study.
In our study, patients were divided into 2 groups based on the age of 45 years. However, since the age cutoff was changed from 45 to 55 years in 8th edition of the AJCC/TNM staging systems, it is a limitation of our study to divide the patients into 2 groups based on 45 years old. However, the mortality rate of PTC continues to increase with advancing age beginning at about age 35 years. Therefore, the cutoff of age may not be an important issue in this study, which seeks to compare immunological differences with increasing age.
In conclusion, we demonstrated that PLR in the Y-group and NLR in the O-group are independent predictors of DFS. In addition, this study provides an insight into the appearance of inconsistencies in the results of evaluation of the prognostic value of NLR for PTC in previous studies. It has been suggested that changes in immunity with aging may affect prognosis through progression or metastasis of cancer, and thus the prognostic value of hematologic markers might undergo changes. Therefore, in future studies, it is necessary to focus on changes in the immune response in order to elucidate the cause of aggravation of prognosis according to aging in PTC. Patients with PTC can be expected to receive effective treatment and follow-up examination based on the identification of immune markers that can predict the prognosis according to the age of the patient.
XML Download