Between April 1987 and March 1991, 31 fractures and fracture-dislocations with or without neurologic deficits of the thoracolumbar spine were treated with one-stage anterior operation consisting of anterior decompression through corpectomy and discectomy, realignment and stabilization using autogenous tricortical bone grafting and Kaneda spinal instrumentation. Of them, 21 cases have been followed for more than 12 months. The results of this retrospective study were as follows; 1. The most common cause of injury was falling from a height, and the most common fracture level was the first lumbar vertebra (12 cases, 54.5%). 2. The most common type was burst fracture according to Denis classification (16 cases, 72.7%) 3. The average preoperative kyphotic angle was 27.4, immediate postoperative angle was 12.3°, the angle at the last follow-up was 15.9°, and the correction rate was 55.1%. 4. None of them showed neurologic deterioration after surgery. 5. All 13 patients with imcomplete neurologic impairment improved by at least one grade in Frankel subgroup postoperatively. The anterior spinal decompression and fusion with Kaneda instrument afforded enough stability to enable early ambulation with realignment and solid fusion, and seemed to have merit in the neurological recovery after operation than in any other devices.