Pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Bongseog Kim

doi:10.5124/jkma.2019.62.1.49

Journal List > J Korean Med Assoc > v.62(1) > 1111906

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Kim: Pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Pharmacotherapeutics

Journal of the Korean Medical Association 2019; 62(1): 49-55.

Published online: 21 January 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2019.62.1.49

Pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Bongseog Kim, MD

Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Bongseog Kim. kimbs328@paik.ac.kr

Received 21 December 2018 Accepted 11 January 2018

Korean Medical Association

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impairing levels of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD often persists into adulthood, with resultant impairments of social, academic and occupational functioning. ADHD is a very common disease during childhood and, the pooled overall prevalence of ADHD was found to be 5.29%. When screening for ADHD, clinicians should try to develop rapport with patients and their caregivers to increase the likelihood that they will follow the diagnostic process and treatment. The current drugs that have received Food and Drug Administration-approval for ADHD include stimulants (methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine) and non-stimulants (atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine). Stimulants improve inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in addition to decreasing disruptive behaviors and promoting academic achievement and the maintenance of appropriate friendships. In order to enhance drug compliance, the use of long-acting stimulants is increasing. Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake blocker, the effects of which may take 2 to 6 weeks to be noticeable. Furthermore, α2 agonists may help to improve behavioral side effects, tics, and sleep problems during stimulant or atomoxetine use. Common side effects of stimulants and atomoxetine include headache, stomachache, and loss of appetite. Routine electorcardiography before medication is not recommended unless there is a specific indication. Methylphenidate and atomoxetine are safe as first line therapies, and their side effects are well tolerated.

Keywords: Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, Pharmacotherapy, Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine hydrochloride

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Drugs with Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety approval for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [12 13]

MPH, methylphenidate; IR, immediate release; ER, extended release; OROS, osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system.

^a)The usual dose should not be interpreted as a cap or a minimal effective dose if a higher or lower dose is clinically indicated in individual cases.

References

1. Pliszka S. AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007; 46:894–921.

2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association;2013.

3. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007; 164:942–948.

4. Molina BS, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Jensen PS, Epstein JN, Hoza B, Hechtman L, Abikoff HB, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Newcorn JH, Wells KC, Wigal T, Gibbons RD, Hur K, Houck PR. MTA Cooperative Group. The MTA at 8 years: prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009; 48:484–500.

5. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I: an 8-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990; 29:546–557.

6. Seoul Child Adolescent Mental Health. The report for 2005 epidemiology study: the prevalence of mental disorders of Seoul Children and adolescents. Seoul: Seoul Child Adolescent Mental Health;2006.

7. Lara C, Fayyad J, de Graaf R, Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Angermeyer M, Demytteneare K, de Girolamo G, Haro JM, Jin R, Karam EG, Lepine JP, Mora ME, Ormel J, Posada-Villa J, Sampson N. Childhood predictors of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Biol Psychiatry. 2009; 65:46–54.

8. Bussing R, Mason DM, Bell L, Porter P, Garvan C. Adolescent outcomes of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a diverse community sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010; 49:595–605.

9. Gau SS, Chong MY, Yang P, Yen CF, Liang KY, Cheng AT. Psychiatric and psychosocial predictors of substance use disorders among adolescents: longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry. 2007; 190:42–48.

10. Royal Australasian College of Physicians. Draft Australian guidelines on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). St. Kilda: Royal Australasian College of Physicians;2009.

11. Spetie L, Arnold EL. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In : Martin A, Bloch MH, Volkmar FR, editors. Lewis's child and adolescent psychiatry: a comprehensive textbook. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2018. p. 364–387.

12. Kim HW, Kim E, Kim JH, Park J, Bahn GH, Lee YJ, Jhung K, Shin D. The revised Korean practice parameter for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (III): pharmacological treatment. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017; 28:70–83.

13. KIMS. KIMS information center for drugs [Internet]. Seoul: KIMS;2018. cited 2018 Aug 27. Available from: http://kimsonline.co.kr/drugcenter/search/totalSearch?Keyword=bisphentin.

14. Bradley C. The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. Am J Psychiatry. 1937; 94:577–585.

15. McBurnett K, Swetye M, Muhr H, Hendren RL. Pharmacotherapy of inattention and ADHD in adolescents. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2013; 24:391–405.

16. Swanson J, Arnold LE, Kraemer H, Hechtman L, Molina B, Hinshaw S, Vitiello B, Jensen P, Steinhoff K, Lerner M, Greenhill L, Abikoff H, Wells K, Epstein J, Elliott G, Newcorn J, Hoza B, Wigal T. MTA Cooperative Group. Evidence, interpretation, and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment study of Children With ADHD (MTA): part I: executive summary. J Atten Disord. 2008; 12:4–14.

17. Kim BS, Park EJ. An observational multi-center study for evaluation of efficacy, safety and parental satisfaction of methylphenidateoros in children with ADHD. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005; 16:279–285.

18. Lee S, Choi JW, Kim KM, Kim JW, Kim S, Kang T, Kim JI, Lee YS, Kim B, Han DH, Cheong JH, Lee SI, Hyun GJ, Kim BN. The guideline of diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: developed by ADHD translational research center. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016; 27:236–266.

19. Kratochvil CJ, Milton DR, Vaughan BS, Greenhill LL. Acute atomoxetine treatment of younger and older children with ADHD: a meta-analysis of tolerability and efficacy. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2008; 2:25.

20. Waxmonsky JG, Waschbusch DA, Akinnusi O, Pelham WE. A comparison of atomoxetine administered as once versus twice daily dosing on the school and home functioning of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011; 21:21–32.

21. Posey DJ, McDougle CJ. Guanfacine and guanfacine extended release: treatment for ADHD and related disorders. CNS Drug Rev. 2007; 13:465–474.

22. Hirota T, Schwartz S, Correll CU. Alpha-2 agonists for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of monotherapy and add-on trials to stimulant therapy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014; 53:153–173.

23. Shier AC, Reichenbacher T, Ghuman HS, Ghuman JK. Pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: clinical strategies. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2012; 5:1–17.

24. Martinez-Raga J, Knecht C, Szerman N, Martinez MI. Risk of serious cardiovascular problems with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs. 2013; 27:15–30.

25. Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Leibson CL, Jacobsen SJ. Long-term stimulant medication treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a population-based study. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2006; 27:1–10.

26. Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. Wolraich M, Brown L, Brown RT, DuPaul G, Earls M, Feldman HM, Ganiats TG, Kaplanek B, Meyer B, Perrin J, Pierce K, Reiff M, Stein MT, Visser S. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011; 128:1007–1022.

27. American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association. ADHD parents medication guide [Internet]. Washington, DC: American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry;2013. cited 2016 Sep 1. Available from: http://www.aacap.org/aacap/press/press_releases/2013/aacap_announces_new_parents_medication_guide_on_adhd.aspx.

28. Daviss WB, Scott J. A chart review of cyproheptadine for stimulant-induced weight loss. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004; 14:65–73.

29. Yoo HJ, Yang SJ, Shin D, Kang H, Kim BN, Kim JH, Ahn D, Yoo HK, Cheon KA, Hong H. The Korean practice parameter for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(III): pharmacologic treatment. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007; 18:16–25.

30. Cooper WO, Habel LA, Sox CM, Chan KA, Arbogast PG, Cheetham TC, Murray KT, Quinn VP, Stein CM, Callahan ST, Fireman BH, Fish FA, Kirshner HS, O'Duffy A, Connell FA, Ray WA. ADHD drugs and serious cardiovascular events in children and young adults. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365:1896–1904.

31. Shin JY, Roughead EE, Park BJ, Pratt NL. Cardiovascular safety of methylphenidate among children and young people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): nationwide self controlled case series study. BMJ. 2016; 353:i2550.

32. Kim HW, Kim SO, Shon S, Lee JS, Lee HJ, Choi JH. Effect of methylphenidate on height and weight in Korean children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a retrospective chart review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2014; 24:448–453.

33. Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, Zetterqvist J, Sjolander A, Serlachius E, Fazel S, Langstrom N, Larsson H. Medication for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and criminality. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367:2006–2014.

34. Greenhill LL, Pliszka S, Dulcan MK, Bernet W, Arnold V, Beitchman J, Benson RS, Bukstein O, Kinlan J, McClellan J, Rue D, Shaw JA, Stock S. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002; 41:2 Suppl. 26S–49S.

35. Cheng JY, Chen RY, Ko JS, Ng EM. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents-meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007; 194:197–209.

36. Greenhill LL, Newcorn JH, Gao H, Feldman PD. Effect of two different methods of initiating atomoxetine on the adverse event profile of atomoxetine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007; 46:566–572.

37. Croxtall JD. Clonidine extended-release in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: profile report. CNS Drugs. 2012; 26:277–279.

38. Jain R, Segal S, Kollins SH, Khayrallah M. Clonidine extended-release tablets for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011; 50:171–179.

39. Spencer T, Biederman J, Steingard R, Wilens T. Bupropion exacerbates tics in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993; 32:211–214.

40. Briars L, Todd T. A review of pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016; 21:192–206.

TOOLS

ORCID iDs: Bongseog Kim
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-6986
Similar articles

Pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Drugs with Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety approval for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [1213]

References

Drugs with Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety approval for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [12 13]