PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a representative allergic disease that is accompanied with high disease prevalence and considerable socioeconomic burden. While the pathophysiology is largely unknown, the role of microbes in health and diseases has drawn attention. The development of metagenomics that is a recent advance in analyzing microbiome has enabled us to research how microbiome impacts the development and aggravation of AD. Skin microbiome and intestinal microbiome are assumed to affect the AD. Research has shown a difference in skin and intestinal microbial composition between AD patients and normal controls. Based on the findings of microbial impacts on the AD, efforts to use probiotics for the treatment or prevention of AD have been made. However, further research is needed until the firm conclusion is reached.
Figures and Tables
References
1. Powers CE, McShane DB, Gilligan PH, Burkhart CN, Morrell DS. Microbiome and pediatric atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol. 2015; 42:1137–1142.
2. Thomas CL, Fernandez-Penas P. The microbiome and atopic eczema: More than skin deep. Australas J Dermatol. 2017; 58:18–24.
3. Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ. 1989; 299:1259–1260.
4. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012; 486:207–214.
5. Kinross JM, Darzi AW, Nicholson JK. Gut microbiome-host interactions in health and disease. Genome Med. 2011; 3:14.
6. Grice EA, Kong HH, Renaud G, Young AC, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, et al. A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota. Genome Res. 2008; 18:1043–1050.
7. Mathieu A, Vogel TM, Simonet P. The future of skin metagenomics. Res Microbiol. 2014; 165:69–76.
8. Fredricks DN. Microbial ecology of human skin in health and disease. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2001; 6:167–169.
9. Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N, et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010; 107:11971–11975.
10. Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, Deming CB, Davis J, Young AC, et al. Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science. 2009; 324:1190–1192.
11. Fierer N, Hamady M, Lauber CL, Knight R. The influence of sex, handedness, and washing on the diversity of hand surface bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105:17994–17999.
12. Dom S, Droste JH, Sariachvili MA, Hagendorens MM, Oostveen E, Bridts CH, et al. Pre- and post-natal exposure to antibiotics and the development of eczema, recurrent wheezing and atopic sensitization in children up to the age of 4 years. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010; 40:1378–1387.
13. Benn CS, Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Bjorksten B, Aaby P. Cohort study of sibling effect, infectious diseases, and risk of atopic dermatitis during first 18 months of life. BMJ. 2004; 328:1223.
14. Cramer C, Link E, Bauer CP, Hoffmann U, von Berg A, Lehmann I, et al. Association between attendance of day care centres and increased prevalence of eczema in the German birth cohort study LISAplus. Allergy. 2011; 66:68–75.
15. Hagerhed-Engman L, Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Aberg N. Day-care attendance and increased risk for respiratory and allergic symptoms in preschool age. Allergy. 2006; 61:447–453.
16. Phipatanakul W, Celedon JC, Raby BA, Litonjua AA, Milton DK, Sredl D, et al. Endotoxin exposure and eczema in the first year of life. Pediatrics. 2004; 114:13–18.
17. Gehring U, Bolte G, Borte M, Bischof W, Fahlbusch B, Wichmann HE, et al. Exposure to endotoxin decreases the risk of atopic eczema in infancy: a cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 108:847–854.
18. Gillespie J, Wickens K, Siebers R, Howden-Chapman P, Town I, Epton M, et al. Endotoxin exposure, wheezing, and rash in infancy in a New Zealand birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006; 118:1265–1270.
19. Bolte G, Bischof W, Borte M, Lehmann I, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J. Early endotoxin exposure and atopy development in infants: results of a birth cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003; 33:770–776.
20. Kong HH, Oh J, Deming C, Conlan S, Grice EA, Beatson MA, et al. Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Genome Res. 2012; 22:850–859.
21. Seite S, Flores GE, Henley JB, Martin R, Zelenkova H, Aguilar L, et al. Microbiome of affected and unaffected skin of patients with atopic dermatitis before and after emollient treatment. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014; 13:1365–1372.
22. Ong PY, Ohtake T, Brandt C, Strickland I, Boguniewicz M, Ganz T, et al. Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347:1151–1160.
23. Nomura I, Gao B, Boguniewicz M, Darst MA, Travers JB, Leung DY. Distinct patterns of gene expression in the skin lesions of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: a gene microarray analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003; 112:1195–1202.
24. Leyden JJ, Marples RR, Kligman AM. Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 1974; 90:525–530.
25. McFadden JP, Noble WC, Camp RD. Superantigenic exotoxin-secreting potential of staphylococci isolated from atopic eczematous skin. Br J Dermatol. 1993; 128:631–632.
26. Macias ES, Pereira FA, Rietkerk W, Safai B. Superantigens in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011; 64:455–472. quiz 73-4.
27. Leung DY. Atopic dermatitis: new insights and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105:860–876.
28. Higaki S, Morohashi M, Yamagishi T, Hasegawa Y. Comparative study of staphylococci from the skin of atopic dermatitis patients and from healthy subjects. Int J Dermatol. 1999; 38:265–269.
29. Darabi K, Hostetler SG, Bechtel MA, Zirwas M. The role of Malassezia in atopic dermatitis affecting the head and neck of adults. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009; 60:125–136.
30. Ley RE, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell. 2006; 124:837–848.
31. De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, et al. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010; 107:14691–14696.
32. Wang M, Karlsson C, Olsson C, Adlerberth I, Wold AE, Strachan DP, et al. Reduced diversity in the early fecal microbiota of infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 121:129–134.
33. Ismail IH, Oppedisano F, Joseph SJ, Boyle RJ, Licciardi PV, Robins-Browne RM, et al. Reduced gut microbial diversity in early life is associated with later development of eczema but not atopy in high-risk infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012; 23:674–681.
34. Abrahamsson TR, Jakobsson HE, Andersson AF, Bjorksten B, Engstrand L, Jenmalm MC. Low diversity of the gut microbiota in infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 129:434–440. 440.e1–440.e2.
35. Zheng H, Liang H, Wang Y, Miao M, Shi T, Yang F, et al. Altered Gut Microbiota Composition Associated with Eczema in Infants. PLoS One. 2016; 11:e0166026.
36. Celiberto LS, Graef FA, Healey GR, Bosman ES, Jacobson K, Sly LM, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and immunonutrition: novel therapeutic approaches through modulation of diet and the gut microbiome. Immunology. 2018; 155:36–52.
37. Boyle RJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Leonardi-Bee J, Murrell DF, Tang ML. Probiotics for treating eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; CD006135.
38. Kim SO, Ah YM, Yu YM, Choi KH, Shin WG, Lee JY. Effects of probiotics for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014; 113:217–226.
39. Panduru M, Panduru NM, Salavastru CM, Tiplica GS. Probiotics and primary prevention of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015; 29:232–242.
40. Kim MH, Suh DI, Lee SY, Kim YK, Cho YJ, Cho SH. Microbiome research in food allergy and atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Respir Dis. 2016; 4:389–398.
41. Dekio I, Sakamoto M, Hayashi H, Amagai M, Suematsu M, Benno Y. Characterization of skin microbiota in patients with atopic dermatitis and in normal subjects using 16S rRNA gene-based comprehensive analysis. J Med Microbiol. 2007; 56:1675–1683.
42. Penders J, Thijs C, van den Brandt PA, Kummeling I, Snijders B, Stelma F, et al. Gut microbiota composition and development of atopic manifestations in infancy: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Gut. 2007; 56:661–667.
43. Capone KA, Dowd SE, Stamatas GN, Nikolovski J. Diversity of the human skin microbiome early in life. J Invest Dermatol. 2011; 131:2026–2032.
44. Gosalbes MJ, Llop S, Valles Y, Moya A, Ballester F, Francino MP. Meconium microbiota types dominated by lactic acid or enteric bacteria are differentially associated with maternal eczema and respiratory problems in infants. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013; 43:198–211.
45. Kim MH, Rho M, Choi JP, Choi HI, Park HK, Song WJ, et al. A Metagenomic Analysis Provides a Culture-Independent Pathogen Detection for Atopic Dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017; 9:453–461.
XML Download