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Song, Ju, and Pang: Effects of Psychological, Parenting and Relational Characteristics of Mothers of Preschool Children on Their Depression Levels
Original Article

J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2018;29(4):393-403.

Published online: 12 December 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.4.393

Effects of Psychological, Parenting and Relational Characteristics of Mothers of Preschool Children on Their Depression Levels

Hye Young Song, Won Jin Ju, Yanghee Pang

Doctoral Student, Graduate School, College of Nursing Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Pang, Yanghee College of Nursing Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea. Tel: +82-2-3277-2873, Fax: +82-2-3277-2850, E-mail: anais0220@hanmail.net

Received 9 February 2018       Revised 6 September 2018       Accepted 28 September 2018

Copyright © 2018 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine depression levels of some Korean mothers of preschool children and to find out how much influence their psychological, parenting and relational characteristics have on their depression.

Methods

This study has been conducted to analyze depression-related and -influencing factors of the Korean mothers of preschool children [7th Panel Study of Korean Children (2014)]. Correlation analysis has been used to examine the relationship between the mothers' psychological, parenting and relational factors and their depression. Hierarchical analysis has been employed to clarify the factors associated with depression.

Results

Hierarchical regression analysis has found out that the significant predictors of the depression of the Korean mothers of preschool children include age, educational and employment status, monthly income, smoking status in Model 1. The significant variable is self-esteem in Model 2, parenting stress in Model 3, and, lastly, marital conflict in Model 4.

Conclusion

Through this study, it has been discovered that the psychological characteristics of the Korean mothers of preschool children are the most influential factor affecting their depression. The results suggest that it is necessary to develop a community program for improving self-esteem and reducing parenting stress of Korean mothers of preschool children in their parenting.

Keywords: Child, Preschool, Parenting, Mothers, Depression

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Figure 1.
Study design.
jkachn-29-393f1.tif
Table 1.
General Characteristics of Participants (N=1,620)
Characteristics Categories Unweighted N % M±SD
Age (year) 20~29 30 1.6 36.84±3.60
30~39 1,216 76.1
40 above 363 22.3
Education High school or below 473 28.6
College or above 1,135 71.4
Employment status No 851 55.5
Yes 736 44.5
Monthly income (10,000 won) <300 243 14.6 453.26±222.52
300~399 368 22.8
400~499 385 23.9
500 above 624 38.7
Smoking status No 1,543 98.7
Yes 22 1.3
Drinking status No 381 24.9
Yes 1,184 75.1
Depression Normal (score 6~13) 1,122 71.7 11.61±4.51
Mild & moderate (score 14~18) 331 21.2
Severe (score 19~30) 112 7.1
Table 2.
Depression by General Characteristics (N=1,620)
Characteristics Categories M±SD t or F p Scheffé
Age (year) 20~29a 12.40±4.99 175.84 <.001 b<c<a
30~39b 11.51±4.50
≥40c 11.65±4.26
Education ≤High school 12.18±4.68 57.84 <.001
≥College 11.30±4.33
Employment status Yes 11.37±4.44 −25.16 <.001
No 11.71±4.48
Monthly income (10,000 won) <300a 11.99±5.06 1,663.39 <.001 b<a<c<d
300~399b 12.16±4.69
400~499c 11.55±4.20
≥500d 11.03±4.14
Smoking status No 11.53±4.43 130.14 <.001
Yes 13.79±5.70
Drinking status No 11.50±4.44 −5.08 <.001
Yes 11.57±4.46
Table 3.
Psychological, Parenting Characteristic and Relational Factors of Participants (N=1,620)
Characteristics Unweighted N M±SD Range
Psychological characteristics
  Self-esteem 1,565 37.25±6.08 10~50
Parenting characteristics
  Parenting efficacy 1,565 55.16±7.09 35~78
  Parenting stress 1,565 28.21±6.92 11~52
Relational characteristics
  Marital satisfaction 1,564 12.79±2.65 4~16
  Marital conflict 1,563 16.93±6.70 8~40
  Rearing sharing 1,565 60.72±10.83 0~80
  Social support_father side family 1,536 44.19±11.00 13~65
  Social support_mother side family 1,552 52.52±8.26 14~65
  Social support_friend 1,614 45.94±8.67 13~65
  Social support_neighbor 1,614 38.45±12.81 13~65
Table 4.
The Correlation among Psychological, Parenting, Relational Characteristics and Depression (N=1,620)
Variables X1
 X2
 X3
 X4
 X5
 X6
 X7
 X8
 X9
 X10
 X11
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Depression 1
Self-esteem −.59 1
(<.001)
Parenting efficacy −.49 .61 1
(<.001) (<.001)
Parenting stress .57 −.62 −.76 1
(<.001) (<.001) (<.001)
Marital satisfaction −.42 .36 .37 −.35 1
(<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001)
Marital conflict .55 −.44 −.42 .44 −.67 1
(<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001)
Rearing sharing .07 .94 .01 .08 −.20 .20 1
(<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (p=.94) (<.001) (<.001)
Social support _father side −.18 .15 .12 −.17 .21 −.23 −.08 1
(<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001)
Social support _mother side −.15 .20 .15 −.14 .11 −.15 .04 .30 1
(<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001)
Social support _friend −.15 .19 .15 −.18 .10 −.11 .02 .30 .34 1
(<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001)
Social support _neighbor −.11 .10 .15 −.19 .10 −.09 .07 .24 .12 .40 1
(<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001)

X1=Depression; X2=Self-esteem; X3=Parenting efficacy; X4=Parenting stress; X5=Marital satisfaction; X6=Marital conflict; X7=Rearing sharing; X8=Social support_father side family; X9=Social support_mother side family; X10=Social support_friend; X11=Social support_neighbor.

Table 5.
Factors Influencing on Depression of Mothers (N=1,620)
Characteristics Model I
 Model II
 Model III
 Model IV
β t p β t p β t p β t p
Age (year) .03 16.4 <.001 .04 1.60 .112 .04 1.73 .083 .02 0.83 .408
Education .08 43.88 <.001 .12 0.54 .593 .17 0.82 .424 .31 1.58 .123
Employment status .02 9.52 <.001 .18 0.88 .383 .13 0.70 .492 .15 0.82 .413
Monthly income −.06 −36.68 <.001 −.00 −0.44 .659 −.00 −0.30 .762 −.00 −0.14 .889
Smoking status .06 36.76 <.001 .10 0.12 .903 .47 0.64 .523 .13 0.19 .854
Drinking status .00 1.81 .071 .13 0.56 .584 .18 0.83 .408 .27 1.35 .183
Self-esteem −.43 −26.64 <.001 −.30 −15.4 .003 −.24 −12.47 .002
Parenting efficacy .10 0.46 .649 −.03 −1.37 .173
Parenting stress .22 10.42 .002 .17 8.46 .003
Marital satisfaction −.03 −0.62 .542
Marital conflict .22 11.59 .004
Rearing sharing .01 1.65 .103
Social support - father side family −.01 −0.54 .589
Social support - mother side family −.00 −0.12 .913
Social support - friend −.00 −0.36 .723
Social support - neighbor −.00 −0.37 .714
F (p) 5.95 (<.001) 125.85 (<.001) 127.62 (<.001) 93. .21 (<.0 01)
R2 .020 .344 .415 .494
R2 change .020 .324 .071 .079
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