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Harhour, Brada, Fauconnier, and Lognay: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Algerian Juniperus Phoenicea Essential Oil
Original Article

Natural Product Sciences 2018;24(2):125-131.

Published online: 20 January 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20307/nps.2018.24.2.125

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Algerian Juniperus Phoenicea Essential Oil

Aicha Harhour1, ∗, Moussa Brada1, Marie-Laure Fauconnier2, Georges Lognay3

1Laboratoryof Natural Substances Valorization, University of Djilali Bounaama, Khemis Miliana, Road of Theniet El-Had, 44225, Algeria

2Agro-Bio Chem Department, General and Organic Chemistry, University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 2, Passage of deportees, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium

3Agro-Bio Chem Department, Analytical Chemistry, University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 2, Passage of deportees, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium

∗Author for correspondence Aicha Harhour, Laboratory of Natural Substances Valorization, University of Djilali Bounaama, Khemis Miliana, Road of Theniet El-Had, 44225, Algeria. Tel: +213-782834513; E-mail: aichaharhour@yahoo.fr

Received 15 February 2018       Revised 27 March 2018       Accepted 29 March 2018

Copyright © 2018 The Korean Society of Pharmacognosy

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Berries and branches essential oil of Juniperus phoenicea were obtained by electromagnetic induction heating assisted extraction and by hydrodistillation with a yield varied from (1.2 ± 0.3 to 2.4 ± 0.7%) and from (0.6 ± 0.1% to 1.1 ± 0.1%), respectively. forty eight compounds were identified representing (97.2 – 99.7%) of the oil. α-Pinene (40.3 − 67.8%) and δ-3-carene (13.5 – 26.8%) were the main compounds in berries and branches essential oils. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by three means: inhibition of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, reducing power and β-Carotene/linoleic acid bleaching. The antioxidant activity of essential oils showed IC50 ranging from 67.6 ± 1.02 μg/mL to 131.5 ± 0.8 μg/mL for berries and from 98 ± 1.25 μg/mL to 166.8 ± 0.29 μg/mL for the branches. Berries oil show more potent antioxidant activity compared to branches. This result is supported by the three methods investigated in this work.

Keywords: Juniperus, Essential oil, Electromagnetic induction heating, Hydrodistillation, Chemical composition, Antioxidant activity

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Table 1.
Major compounds of J. phoenicea essential oils (%) from various countries
Country Author Plant part Major compounds
α-Pinene δ, 3-Carene P β-Phellandrene α-cedrol α-Terpinolene α-Terpinemyl acetate α-Phellandrene limonene manoyloxide
Espagne (7) L 53.5 1.7 5.9 – – – 0.8 T 14.4
(7) L 41.2 1.5 4.9 – – 0.1 0.7 T 22
Portugal (7) L 34.1 – 19.2 – – 12.5 3.1 0.2 0.6
(7) L 57.8 – 8 – – 5 1.1 1 –
    L 48.9 22.82 10.01 – 0.62 2.61 0.08 – –
Italy (8) B 84.55 3.61 2.56 – 0.38 0.63 0.02 – –
Greece (7) L 41.8   3.5 – – 4.6 0.6 3.5 –
    L 34 21 – – – 6.8 2.2 3.1 –
Maroco (9) B 79.1 5.7 – – – 0.9 0.45 14.6 –
  (10) L 49.15 1.05 0.98 – – – 7.39 – –
Tunisia (11) L 55.7 10.7 – – – – 0.8 0.7 –
(11) B 80.7 4.5 – – – – – – –
    L 38.2 0.99 – 31.2 – 1.01 – 0.74 –
Egypte (12) B 39.3 1.25 4.13 0.47 – 3.36 1.01 – –
  (5)D L 40.2 0.5 t – – T 14.7 – –
  (6) T L 34.5 4.7 22.4 – – 14.7 0.6 1.2 –
Alegria (5) S L 54 – 7.3 – – 0.4 – 0.6 –
(13) Ba L 36.5 12.4 4.4 – – – – – 0.2
  (13) Bi L 59 3 0.8 – – – – 0.7 1.6
  (13) M L 47.1 – 1.7 – – 0.4 – 0.8 –

(5) Dob et al, 2008; (6) Mazari et al, 2010; (7) Adams et al, 1996; (8) Angioni et al, 2003; (9) Mansouri et al, 2011; (10) Derwich et al, 2011; (11) Ennadjar et al., 2009; (12) El Sawi et al, 2007; (13) Ramdani et al, 2013; L: Leaves; B: Berries; D: Djelfa; T: Tlemcen; S:

Table 2.
Chemical composition of J. phoenicea essential oils (mean of three triplicates ± SD)
      Area %
      HD EMI
Compound RIa RIb Berries branches Berries Branches
Tricyclene 927 918 tr tr 0.1 ± 0.1 tr
α-Thujene 930 924 tr 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.1
α-Pinene 939 933 40.3 ± 3.6 50.5 ± 4.2 44.8 ± 3.4 67.7 ± 4.3
α-Fenchene 935 943 1.9 ± 0.2 1,9 ± 0,2 1.6 ± 0.7 1.1 ± 0.4
Sabinene 975 970 0,4 ± 0,1 0,5 ± 0,1 0.7 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.1
β-Pinene 979 973 1,5 ± 0,2 2,2 ± 0,2 1.6 ± 0.6 1 ± 0.3
β-Myrcene 991 989 2,8 ± 0,4 3,9 ± 0,3 2.6 ± 0.7 1.4 ± 0.4
δ-2-Carene 1001 998 / tr tr tr
α-Phellandrene 1003 1002 0,8 ± 0,1 0,9 ± 0,2 0.1 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.2
δ-3-Carene 1011 1010 20,1 ± 2,4 14,5 ± 1,8 26.8 ± 2.3 13.5 ± 1.5
α-Terpinene 1017 1015 0,3 ± 0,1 0,4 ± 0,1 0.1 ± 0.1 0,3 ± 0.2
p- Cymene 1025 1023 tr 0,3 ± 0,1 0,1 ± 0.1 0,1 ± 0.1
β-Phellandrene 1030 1027 4,1 ± 0,8 6,5 ± 0,9 0,4 ± 0.3 0,4 ± 0.3
(E)-β-Ocimene 1050 1055 tr tr 0.1 ± 0.1 0,3 ± 0.2
γ-Terpinene 1060 1057 0,3 ± 0,1 0,3 ± 0,1 0,2 ± 0.2 0,2 ± 0.1
α-Terpinolene 1089 1087 4,5 ± 1,2 3,8 ± 1,1 0,2 ± 0.2 0,6 ± 0.3
Terpinen-4-ol 1177 1178 0,2 ± 0,1 0,6 ± 0,2 0,4 ± 0.2 0,6 ± 0.2
α-Terpineo 1189 1191 tr 0.5 ± 0.1 0,9 ± 0.4 0,2 ± 0.1
Carvacrolmethylether 1245 1244 / tr 0,1 ± 0.1 0,1 ± 0.1
Bornylacetate 1289 1286 0,7 ± 0,3 1,0 ± 0,4 0,5 ± 0.3 0,2 ± 0.2
transCarvylacetate 1337 1340 / 0,2 ± 0,1 0,2 ± 0.2 0,9 ± 1.1
α-Terpinylacetate 1349 1350 2,7 ± 0,9 2,1 ± 0,7 0,4 ± 0.3 0,6 ± 0.3
β-Elemene 1391 1393 0,3 ± 0,1 0,1 ± 0,1 0,1 ± 0.2 0,6 ± 0.2
β-Funebrene 1415 1415 0,2 ± 0,1 0,1 ± 0,1 0,2 ± 0.1 0,4 ± 0.2
β-Caryophyllene 1419 1422 1,9 ± 0,5 0,1 ± 0,1 0,6 ± 0.3 0,5 ± 0.3
Thujopsene 1431 1434 0,3 ± 0,1 0,3 ± 0,1 0.2 ± 0.1 0,2 ± 0.1
α-Humulene 1455 1456 1,6 ± 0,6 0,9 ± 0,3 0.8 ± 0.3 0,1 ± 0.1
α-Amorphene 1485 1481 tr 0.2 ± 0.1 tr 0,2 ± 0.2
Germacrene- D 1485 1484 0.2 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 4.9 ± 0.8 1.2 ± 0.6
β-Selinene 1490 1489 tr 0.1±0.1 0,1 ± 0.1 0,6 ± 0.3
α-Selinene 1498 1498 tr 0.1±0.1 0,1 ± 0.3 0.7 ± 0.4
α-Muurolene 1500 1502 tr tr 0,1 ± 0.2 0,5 ± 0.2
EE-α-Farnesene 1506 1509 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0,3 ± 0.2 0,3 ± 0.2
Germacrene- A 1509 1514 tr tr 0,5 ± 0.5 0.1 ± 0.1
γ-Cadinene 1514 1517 tr tr 0,2 ± 0.2 0.1 0,3 ± 0.3
δ-Cadinene 1523 1525 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0,1 ± 0.3 0,9 ± 0.3
Elemol 1550 1553 1.6 ± 0.6 0.5 ± 0.2 0,2 ± 0,3 0,3 ± 0.2
Germacrene B 1558 1561 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0,2 ± 0.5 0,4 ± 0.3
Germacrene D-4-ol 1576 1580 0.3 ± 0.1 / 0,1 ± 0.3 /
Caryophylleneoxide 1583 1588 0,3 ± 0,2 0,4 ± 0,2 0.2 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.2
α-Cedrol 1601 1602 7,0 ± 1,1 4,5 ± 0,8 4.2 ± 1.2 1.5 ± 0.6
epi-Cedrol 1611 1615 tr tr tr 0.1 ± 0.1
Fonenol 1621 1625 tr / tr /
γ-Eudesmol 1630 1636 0,5 ± 0,2 0,1 ± 0,1 0.3 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1
τ, Muurolol 1646 1646 0,1 ± 0,1 tr 0.2 ± 0.1 tr
β-Eudesmol 1651 1650 0,2 ± 0,1 / 0.4 ± 0.2 /
α-Eudesmol 1652 1656 0,4 ± 0,2 0,9 ± 0,3 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.2
α-Cadinol 1654 1659 1 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.3 tr
Monoterpenes     77 85.6 79.5 87.5
Oxygenated monoterpenes     3.6 4.4 2.5 2.6
Sesquiterpenes     5.1 2.4 8.2 6.6
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes     11.7 6.4 7 3
Total identification     97.4 98.8 97.2 99.7

tr: traces (< 0.1%)

RIa: Retention indices (Adams)

RIb: Retention indices relative to C7-C20 on the HP-5MS capillary column

Table 3.
IC50 values (µg/mL) of J. pheonicea essential oil, BHT and ascorbic acid.
Assays Essential oil of the branches Essential oil of the berries BHT Ascorbic acid
DPPH 98 ± 1.25 67.6 ± 1.02 18.3 ± 0.85 14.9 ± 1.75
Reducing power 166.8 ± 0,29 131.5 ± 0.82 9.7 ± 1.23 5.7 ± 0.02
β-Carotene bleaching 119.2 ± 1.01 98.6 ± 1.12 99,7 ± 0,02 24.2 ± 0.08
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