Journal List > Asian Oncol Nurs > v.18(2) > 1108982

Oh, Lee, and Kim: Changes of Cognitive Function and Depression following Chemotherapy in Women with Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study

초록

Purpose

This study was done to identify the changes of cognitive function and depression following Chemotherapy in women with breast cancer.

Methods

Fifty patients participated in the study and completed the questionnaire at three-time points: pre-chemotherapy, post-chemotherapy, and six months after the completion of chemotherapy. The assessment tools were: everyday cognition, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results

Immediately after chemotherapy, 52.0% of patients complained of subjective cognitive decline and reported greater difficulty in the cognitive domains of attention, memory, and visuospatial abilities. At six-month Follow-up, 24.0% of patients exhibited mild cognitive decline. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant decline in cognitive function after chemotherapy. However, improvement was observed 6 months after the completion of chemotherapy. Depression showed similar patterns to cognitive function. Higher cognitive decline scores were significantly correlated with higher depression (r=.33, p=.020).

Conclusion

These results suggest that chemotherapy is highly associated with cognitive decline and depression in women with breast cancer. Nursing intervention is needed to relieve depression as well as cognitive decline in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

REFERENCES

1. Kim SH, Lee R, Lee KS. Symptom clusters in patients with breast cancer. J Korean Acad Adult Nurs. 2009; 21:705–17.
2. Calvio L, Peugeot M, Bruns GL, Todd BL, Feuerstein M. Measures of cognitive function and work in occupationally active breast cancer survivors. J Occup Environ Med. 2010; 52:219–27.
crossref
3. Collins B, Mackenzie J, Stewart A, Bielajew C, Verma S. Cognitive effects of chemotherapy in post-menopausal breast cancer patients 1 year after treatment. Psychooncology. 2009; 18:134–43.
crossref
4. Hutchinson AD, Hosking JR, Kichenadasse G, Mattiske JK, Wilson C. Objective and subjective cognitive impairment following chemotherapy for cancer: a systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2012; 38:926–34.
crossref
5. de Ruiter MB, Reneman L, Boogerd W, Veltman DJ, Caan M, Douaud G, et al. Late effects of high-dose adjuvant chemotherapy on white and gray matter in breast cancer survivors: converging results from multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Brain Mapp. 2012; 33:2971–83.
crossref
6. Lange M, Rigal O, Clarisse B, Giffard B, Sevin E, Barillet M, et al. Cognitive dysfunctions in elderly cancer patients: a new challenge for on-cologists. Cancer Treat Rev. 2014; 40:810–7.
crossref
7. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW, Hannay HJ, Fischer JS. Neuro-psychological assessment. 4th ed.New York, NY: Oxford University Press;2004.
8. Kang MA, Baek YM. The neurocognitive function between the patients who had subjective memory impairment and mild cognitive impairment. J Korean Geriatr Soc. 2014; 18:7–15.
crossref
9. Hyrien O, Dietrich J, Noble M. Mathematical and experimental approaches to identify and predict the effects of chemotherapy on neuro-glial precursors. Cancer Res. 2010; 70:10051–9.
crossref
10. Nelson CJ, Nandy N, Roth AJ. Chemotherapy and cognitive deficits: mechanisms, findings, and potential interventions. Palliat Support Care. 2007; 5:273–80.
crossref
11. Park JH, Bae SH, Jung YS, Jung YM. Prevalence and characteristics of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment in patients with breast cancer. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2015; 45:118–28.
crossref
12. Chung BY, Cho EJ. Correlates influencing cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Asian Oncol Nurs. 2012; 12:221–9.
crossref
13. Kaiser J, Bledowski C, Dietrich J. Neural correlates of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Cortex. 2014; 54:33–50.
crossref
14. Ashbury FD, Madlensky L, Raich P, Thompson M, Whitney G, Hotz K, et al. Antidepressant prescribing in community cancer care. Support Care Cancer. 2003; 11:278–85.
crossref
15. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005; 53:695–9.
crossref
16. Lee JY, Lee DW, Cho SJ, Na DL, Jeon HJ, Kim SK, et al. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in elderly outpatient clinic: validation of the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2008; 21:104–10.
crossref
17. Oh SM, Min KJ, Park DB. A study on the standardization of the hospital anxiety and depression scale for Koreans: a comparison of normal, depressed and anxious groups. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 1999; 38:289–96.
18. Chaiy SI. Soical science research methodology. 2nd ed.Seoul: Hakhy-unsa;2000.
19. Jansen CE, Cooper BA, Dodd MJ, Miaskowski CA. A prospective longitudinal study of chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes in breast cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2011; 19:1647–56.
crossref
20. Collins B, Mackenzie J, Kyeremanteng C. Study of the cognitive effects of chemotherapy: considerations in selection of a control group. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2013; 35:435–44.
crossref
21. Lindner OC, Phillips B, McCabe MG, Mayes A, Wearden A, Varese F, et al. A metaanalysis of cognitive impairment following adult cancer chemotherapy. Neuropsychology. 2014; 28:726–40.
crossref
22. Von Ah D, Habermann B, Carpenter JS, Schneider BL. Impact of perceived cognitive impairment in breast cancer survivors. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2013; 17:236–41.
crossref
23. Hodgson KD, Hutchinson AD, Wilson CJ, Nettelbeck T. A meta-analysis of the effects of chemotherapy on cognition in patients with cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2013; 39:297–304.
crossref
24. Myers JS. Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment: the breast cancer experience. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2012; 39:E31–40.
crossref
25. Lee JR, Oh PJ. Cognitive decline and quality of life among patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: the mediating effect of health promotion behavior. Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016; 28:202–12.
crossref
26. Henderson VW. Cognitive changes after menopause: influence of es-trogen. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 51:618–26.
crossref
27. Janelsins MC, Kesler SR, Ahles TA, Morrow GR. Prevalence, mecha-nisms, and management of cancer-related cognitive impairment. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014; 26:102–13.
crossref
28. Oh PJ, Lee JR. Effect of cancer symptoms and fatigue on chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment and depression in people with gastrointestinal cancer. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2016; 46:420–30.
crossref
29. Lee JR. A structural model for chemotherapy related cognitive change in breast cancer patients [dissertation]. Seoul: Sahmyook Univ.;2016.
30. Tavoli A, Mohagheghi MA, Montazeri A, Roshan R, Tavoli Z, Omid-vari S. Anxiety and depression in patients with gastrointestinal cancer: does knowledge of cancer diagnosis matter? BMC Gastroenterol. 2007; 7:28.
crossref

Fig. 1.
Changes in cognitive function and depression from baseline to follow-up.
aon-18-66f1.tif
Table 1.
Cognitive Function and Depression according to General Characteristics of the Subject (N = 50)
Variables Categories n (%) or M ± SD Perceived cognitive decline Objective cognitive function Depression
M ± SD t or F (p) M ± SD t or F (p) M ± SD t or F (p)
Age (year) <50 28 (56.0) 56.32 ± 14.39 2.09 28.11 ± 1.75 3.28 5.25 ± 2.49 0.50
  51~60 19 (38.0) 54.79 ± 22.99 (.135) 27.21 ± 1.93 (.046) 4.63 ± 3.20 (.611)
  >61 3 (6.0) 78.0 ± 21.80   25.67 ± 1.15   6.33 ± 6.66  
    48.9 ± 7.70            
Martial status Yes 47 (94.0) 57.45 ± 19.29 0.36 27.55 ± 1.92 0.99 5.19 ± 3.0 1.06
  No 3 (6.0) 50.67 ± 10.69 (.552) 28.67 ± 0.58 (.326) 3.33 ± 3.51 (.308)
Education ≤ Middle schoola 7 (14.0) 75.71 ± 33.23 4.64 24.86 ± 2.41 13.18 6.00 ± 3.74 0.37
  High schoolb 26 (52.0) 54.80 ± 15.23 (.015) 28.00 ± 1.26 (<.001) 4.96 ± 3.16 (.693)
  ≥ College c 17 (34.0) 52.76 ± 11.66 b, c< a 28.18 ± 1.51 a< b, c 4.88 ± 2.62  
Occupation Employed 19 (38.0) 55.63 ± 13.53 0.17 27.95 ± 1.54 0.93 4.95 ± 3.12 0.06
  Unemployed 31 (62.0) 57.90 ± 21.70 (.684) 27.42 ± 2.06 (.341) 5.16 ± 3.02 (.811)
Monthly income (10,000 won) <200 15 (31.2) 57.33 ± 18.21 1.59 27.27 ± 2.69 1.12 4.73 ± 2.71 0.34
  200~399 14 (29.2) 49.43 ± 10.92 (.206) 27.71 ± 1.07 (.351) 5.50 ± 3.23 (.794)
  400~599 10 (20.8) 61.30 ± 16.34   27.50 ± 1.65   4.80 ± 2.61  
  ≥ 600 9 (18.8) 51.67 ± 9.67   28.67 ± 1.22   4.33 ± 2.74  
Menopause Noa 25 (52.1) 56.36 ± 14.34 0.19(.831) 28.36 ± 1.22 5.67 5.52 ± 2.40 1.69
  Menopauseb 18 (37.5) 58.44 ± 25.92 (.831) 26.61 ± 2.20 (.006) 4.94 ± 3.87 (.197)
  Chemotherapy- induced menopaausec 5 (10.4) 52.60 ± 14.01   27.00 ± 2.00 b< a 2.80 ± 2.28  
Cancer stage I,II 38 (76.0) 57.97 ± 19.68 0.38 27.50 ± 1.90 0.64(.428) 5.29 ± 3.02 0.75
  III 12 (24.0) 54.08 ± 16.54 (.539) 28.0 ± 1.86 (.428) 4.42 ± 3.09 (.390)
ECOG 0 14 (28.0) 50.43 ± 10.45 1.75 26.93 ± 2.59 1.43 3.64 ± 2.47 3.16
  1 30 (60.0) 59.80 ± 21.35 (.170) 27.80 ± 1.45 (.247) 5.20 ± 2.92 (.247)
  2 4 (8.0) 67.50 ± 18.65   27.75 ± 1.89   8.25 ± 3.86  
  3 2 (4.0) 41.0 ± 2.83   29.50 ± 0.71   7.00 ± 1.41  
Comorbidity Yes 12 (24.0) 52.75 ± 15.63 0.81 27.92 ± 1.38 0.39 5.33 ± 3.87 0.11
  No 38 (76.0) 58.39 ± 19.80 (.372) 27.53 ± 2.02 (.537) 5.00 ± 2.77 (.743)
Type of surger Total mastectomy 16 (32.0) 12.62 ± 6.02 1.82 13.50 ± 10.79 0.90 58.75 ± 17.05 −0.48
  Partial mastectomy 27 (54.0) 9.60 ± 4.79 (.076) 11.11 ± 6.59 (.371) 60.89 ± 11.80 (.630)
  No response 7 (14.0)            

a,b,c= Scheffé test; ECOG= Eastern cooperative oncology group.

Table 2.
Correlation among the Perceived Cognitive Decline, Objective Cognitive Function and Depression (N =50)
Variables Perceived cognitive decline Objective cognitive function Depression
r (p) r (p) r (p)
Perceived cognitive decline 1    
Objective cognitive function −.14 (.318) 1  
Depression .33 (.020) .06 (.665) 1
Table 3.
Changes in Number of Participants Experiencing Cognitive Decline and Depression from Baseline to Follow-up
Variables Categories Pre -Chemotherapy (n=50) Post-Chemotherapy (n=47) Follow-up (n=47) Cochran test
n (%) n (%) n (%) Q (p)
Perceived cognitive decline >2 6 (12.0) 26 (52.0) 12 (24.0) 88.00 (<.001)
Everyday memory >2 8 (16.0) 32 (64.0) 18 (37.5)  
Language >2 6 (12.0) 24 (48.0) 10 (20.8)  
Executive function: planning >2 5 (10.0) 24 (48.0) 15 (31.9)  
Executive function: organization >2 8 (16.0) 25 (50.0) 10 (21.3)  
Executive function: divided attention >2 13 (26.0) 35 (70.0) 20 (42.6)  
Visuospatial Abilities >2 9 (18.0) 26 (52.0) 18 (38.3)  
Objective cognitive function <23 2 (4.0) 2 (4.0) 1 (2.0)  
  >23 48 (96.0) 48 (96.0) 49 (98.0)  
Depression 0~7 42 (84.0) 21 (42.0) 35 (70.0)  
  8~10 6 (12.0) 14 (28.0) 9 (18.0)  
  11~21 2 (4.0) 15 (30.0) 6 (12.0)  
Table 4.
Changes in Cognitive Function and Depression from Baseline to Follow-up (N =47)
Variables Pre-Chemotherapya Post-Chemotherapyb Follow-up c Source F p Bonferroni
M ± SD M ± SD M ± SD
Perceived cognitive impairment 57.72 ± 19.20 82.72 ± 27.0 64.77 ± 19.74 Time 27.03 <.001 a, c< b a<c
Objective cognitive function 27.57 ± 1.87 27.39 ± 1.78 27.82 ± 1.76 Time 4.28 .017 b< c
Depression 5.09 ± 3.03 7.98 ± 3.58 5.74 ± 2.86 Time 26.50 <.001 a, c< b

a, b, c= Bonferroni post-hoc test.

TOOLS
Similar articles