Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Quantitative Analysis of Isoquercitrin and Caffeic Acid from Aster scaber

Ju Sung Lee; Norman G. Quilantang; Kung-Woo Nam; Xiang-Lan Piao; Mi Ja Chung; Sanghyun Lee

doi:10.20307/nps.2018.24.3.199

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Lee, Quilantang, Nam, Piao, Chung, and Lee: Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Quantitative Analysis of Isoquercitrin and Caffeic Acid from Aster scaber

Original Article

Natural Product Sciences 2018;24(3):199-205.

Published online: 17 January 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20307/nps.2018.24.3.199

Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Quantitative Analysis of Isoquercitrin and Caffeic Acid from Aster scaber

Ju Sung Lee¹, Norman G. Quilantang¹, Kung-Woo Nam², Xiang-Lan Piao³, Mi Ja Chung⁴, Sanghyun Lee¹

¹ Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea

²Department of Biology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea

³School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China

⁴Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Gwangju University, Gwangju 61743, Republic of Korea

∗Author for correspondence Sanghyun Lee, Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea. Tel: +82-31-670-4688; E-mail: slee@cau.ac.kr

Mi Ja Chung, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Gwangju University, Gwangju 61743, Korea. Tel: +82-62-670-2049; E-mail: mijachung@gwangju.ac.kr

Received 23 February 2018 Revised 30 April 2018 Accepted 13 May 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

To determine the optimum extraction conditions that give the highest yield of isoquercitrin and caffeic acid from Aster scaber, the effects of four extraction variables (solvent concentrations, extraction time, number of repeated extraction, and solvent volumes) on isoquercitrin and caffeic acid yield was examined via HPLC-UV. Our results showed that the highest extract and isoquercitrin yield were observed when A. scaber was extracted with 450 mL distilled water for 8 hr repeatedly for three times. In case of caffeic acid, the content was higher in the two repeated extracts. Also, content analysis of isoquercitrin in Aster species was performed in which A. fastigiatus, A. ageratoides, and A. scaber exhibited the highest isoquercitrin content at 6.39, 5.68, and 2.79 mg/g extract, respectively. In case of caffeic acid, the highest content of A. scaber and A. glehni was 0.64 and 0.56 mg/g extract, respectively. This study reports an optimized method for extraction of isoquercitrin and caffeic acid from A. scaber and evaluates potential sources of the compounds.

Keywords: Aster scaber, high performance liquid chromatography, isoquercitrin, caffeic acid, optimization

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Fig. 1.

Structures of isoquercitrin and caffeic acid.

Fig. 2.

HPLC chromatograms of isoquercitrin (A), myricetin (B), quercetin (C), kaempferol (D), and caffeic acid (E).

Fig. 3.

HPLC chromatograms of samples extracted under different conditions: distilled water (A), 8 hr extraction (B), 3-time extraction (C), and 450 ml solvent extraction (D) showing caffeic acid (dotted arrow) and isoquercitrin peaks (line arrow)

Fig. 4.

HPLC chromatograms of the MeOH extracts of A. fastigiatus (A) and A. ageratoides (B) showing isoquercitrin peak (line arrow).

Fig. 5.

HPLC chromatograms of the MeOH extracts of A. scaber (A) and A. glehni (B) showing caffeic acid peak (line arrow).

Table 1.

Calibration curves of isoquercitrin and caffeic acid

Compound	t_R	Calibration equation ^a	Correlation factor, r² ^b
Isoquercitrin	15.71	Y = 1000000X + 16247	0.9982
Caffeic acid	12.83	Y = 2000000X – 5935.4	0.9998

^a Y = peak area, X = concentration of standard (mg/mL).

^b r

² = correlation coefficient for five data points in the calibration curve.

Table 2.

Extract yield fro conditions

Treatment	Sample	Yield (g)
	30% EtOH	3.22
	50% EtOH	3.55
Solvents concentration	70% EtOH	3.97
	EtOH	1.98
	Water	4.12
	1	1.71
Extraction time (hr)	2	2.04
Extraction time (hr)	4	2.22
	8	2.44
Number of repeated extraction (time)	1	1.84
	2	2.79
	3	3.15
	150	1.49
Solvent volumes (mL)	300	1.81
	450	2.37

Table 3.

Isoquercitrin and caffeic acid yield from A. scaber leaves following different extraction conditions

Treatment	Sample	Contents (mg/g DW)
Treatment	Sample	Isoquercitrin	Caffeic acid
	30% EtOH	0.098 ± 0.003	0.019 ± 0.033
	50% EtOH	0.135 ± 0.006	0.021 ± 0.037
Solvents concentration	70% EtOH	0.223 ± 0.003	0.028 ± 0.048
	EtOH	0.238 ± 0.003	0.029 ± 0.050
	Water	0.732 ± 0.007	0.322 ± 0.010
	1	0.097 ± 0.001	0.029 ± 0.050
Extraction time (hr)	2	0.107 ± 0.004	0.033 ± 0.057
Extraction time (hr)	4	0.171 ± 0.063	0.035 ± 0.060
	8	0.267 ± 0.005	0.042 ± 0.073
Number of repeated extraction (time)	1	0.173 ± 0.003	0.032 ± 0.056
	2	0.260 ± 0.007	0.053 ± 0.093
	3	0.278 ± 0.032	0.051 ± 0.088
	150	0.104 ± 0.035	0.026 ± 0.045
Solvent volumes (mL)	300	0.094 ± 0.001	0.029 ± 0.051
	450	0.136 ± 0.001	0.033 ± 0.057

Data are represented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3) mg/g DW

Table 4.

Isoquercitrin and caffeic acid content of the MeOH extracts of selected Aster species

Species	Contents (mg/g extract)
Species	Isoquercitrin	Caffeic acid
A. ageratoides	5.69 ± 0.24	0.41 ± 0.01
A. altaicus var. uchiyamae	ND	0.20 ± 0.03
A. ciliosus	0.63 ± 0.26	0.54 ± 0.00
A. fastigiatus	6.39 ± 0.40	0.32 ± 0.02
A. glehni	ND	0.56 ± 0.03
A. hayatae	0.06 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.01
A. incisa	0.04 ± 0.03	0.37 ± 0.02
A. koraiensis	0.42 ± 0.01	0.23 ± 0.02
A. maackii	1.05 ± 0.11	0.25 ± 0.21
A. pekinensis	1.11 ± 0.08	tr
A. pilosus	0.68 ± 0.02	0.44 ± 0.01
A. scaber^∗	2.79 ± 0.06	0.64 ± 0.02
A. spathulifolius	0.14 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.00
A. spathulifolius var. oharae	0.01 ± 0.10	0.26 ± 0.01
A. tataricus	1.05 ± 0.09	0.27 ± 0.00
A. tripolium	ND	0.19 ± 0.00
A. yomena	0.02 ± 0.04	0.29 ± 0.02

Data are represented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3) in mg/g of the MeOH extracts of the samples

ND = not detected

tr = trace

^∗ A. scaber was extracted using optimized extraction conditions

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