Introduction
Uterine incarceration, defined as intrapelvic locking of the uterine fundus during pregnancy [
1], occurs in approximately 1 out of 3,000 pregnancies [
2]. As the pregnancy progresses, the myometrium of the incarcerated uterus expands by stretching or sacculation of the anterior uterine wall. During pregnancy, the retroverted uterus rises and grows in the pelvis to accommodate the growing fetus before mid-gestation. If the uterus does not ascend into the abdominal cavity, the fundus becomes entrapped below the sacral promontory and gets fixed in the pelvic cavity, where it continues to enlarge, consequently inverting the polarity of the uterus [
3]. Subsequently, the bladder and cervix are pulled up into the abdominal cavity toward the head, and the cervix is elongated and anteriorly displaced behind the pubic symphysis. There are several risk factors for uterine incarceration, including benign uterine tumors such as uterine fibroids and adenomyosis, endometriosis, pelvic adhesive diseases caused by previous pelvic surgery, pelvic inflammatory disease, peritonitis, and abnormal uterine morphology [
4].
Although uterine incarceration is rare, if left untreated, it may lead to maternal symptoms, fetal compromise, or complications during cesarean delivery. It may cause not only preterm labor (PTL) or delivery and premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) but also maternal lower abdominal or back pain; vaginal bleeding; rectal pressure; tenesmus; constipation; bladder or uterine rupture; and urinary symptoms such as dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary retention, overflow incontinence, and urinary stasis [
567].
A diagnosis of uterine incarceration can be made on the basis of clinical symptoms and physical examination. Common presentations include pelvic discomfort, urinary symptoms including retention and frequency, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Incarceration could be suspected when the cervix is not visualized or palpable, the uterine fundus is at a low level, or a mass fills the cul-de-sac on vaginal examination [
4]. Sonography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could help for the diagnosis of uterine incarceration and its treatment. Imaging may aid in the diagnosis of patients with asymptomatic or nonspecific abdominal symptoms [
8]. Early diagnosis of uterine incarceration ensures prompt management and can reduce maternal and fetal complications. We describe two unusual cases of early pregnancy with urinary retention. The patients consented to the use of their medical records for research purposes.
Discussion
Gravid uterine incarceration is usually diagnosed in the early second trimester, at 14–18 weeks of gestation. In the current cases, uterine incarceration was observed early in the first trimester, at 6–7 weeks of gestation. In addition, Chauleur et al. [
9] reported two cases of acute urine retention induced by severe fibroid incarceration at 4 and 5 weeks of gestation, in which the patients visited the hospital presenting with acute urinary retention. After unsuccessful manual reduction in both cases, myomectomy was performed under uterine relaxation.
In the present cases, we attempted to reduce the incarcerated uterus immediately after diagnosis in the symptomatic women. However, most authors in previous studies recommend immediate intervention after diagnosis, even if the patients have no specific symptoms, to prevent adverse maternal and fetal outcomes [
10]. The best time for uterine repositioning is from 14 to 20 weeks of gestation. Reduction of the incarcerated uterus is not recommended beyond 20 weeks owing to the risk of PPROM or PTL [
11]. Spontaneous reduction can be expected for anterior wall myoma [
12]. However, it may be difficult in posterior myoma owing to its easy recurrence [
9]. Dierickx et al. [
10] stated that as a few rare cases of recurrence of uterine incarceration have been reported, close monitoring with serial ultrasounds should be carried out in subsequent pregnancies.
As stated in the previous case report, and based on our experience, the incarcerated uterus should be managed as follows. Initially, a urinary catheter should be inserted to drain and decompress the bladder. Next, the uterus should be manually reduced by applying gentle pressure with two fingers to the posterior vaginal fornix or rectum, pushing the gravid uterus upward with the patient in the dorsal lithotomy, knee-chest, or Simms position, or under anesthesia. If the abovementioned reduction fails, some other reported methods, namely colonoscopic reduction, could be considered. However, this procedure should be performed by skillful colonoscopists owing to the associated risk of bowel perforation. In some cases, laparoscopy and laparotomy may be required [
5913]. Although myomectomy was performed in previously reported cases, it should be carefully planned, as the procedure itself might cause miscarriage. After successful reduction, pessary insertion could be considered to prevent recurrence [
10]. Although manual reduction is the first step to manage pregnant women with incarceration, scarce literature is available on the complications of the procedure owing to the uncommon nature of gravid uterine incarceration.
Accurate diagnosis of uterine incarceration is important to ensure proper treatment, as it is a rare disease and is difficult to diagnose. Radiologic examination and the clinical symptoms of the patient could aid the diagnosis. In Case 1 in the present study, ultrasound examination was insufficient to confirm the diagnosis, and the diagnosis was confirmed based on the clinical symptoms of the patient, and the findings of pelvic examination and MRI. Therefore, pregnant women with or without uterine masses including uterine myoma or adenomyosis, and those presenting with urinary retention and pelvic pain, even in early first trimester, should undergo pelvic examination to exclude the possibility of an incarcerated uterus.
The recommended route of delivery is cesarean section if the incarcerated uterus has been detected in the late second trimester or when uterine polarity cannot be corrected [
14]. As the bladder of patients with an incarcerated gravid uterus is pulled higher than normal, a uterine incision should be made at a higher position for preventing injury to the bladder, cervix, and vagina [
10].
In conclusion, uterine incarceration should be considered even during early gestation in pregnant women complaining of urinary retention and pelvic pain, especially in those with preexisting conditions. Even after reduction, close observation is important to monitor recurrence, and pessary insertion may be helpful in this regard.