An Analysis of Change on Alpine Skiers' Body Composition, Anaerobic Power, and Isokinetic Muscular Function between before and after Winter Season

Hye Jung Choi; Seok Hee Kim

doi:10.5763/kjsm.2018.36.3.149

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Choi and Kim: An Analysis of Change on Alpine Skiers' Body Composition, Anaerobic Power, and Isokinetic Muscular Function between before and after Winter Season

Clinical Article

Korean J Sports Med 2018;36(3):149-157.

Published online: 17 January 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2018.36.3.149

An Analysis of Change on Alpine Skiers' Body Composition, Anaerobic Power, and Isokinetic Muscular Function between before and after Winter Season

Hye Jung Choi¹, Seok Hee Kim²

¹Department of Counseling, Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

²School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea

Correspondence: Seok Hee Kim School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea Tel: +82-42-350-4821, Fax: +82-42-350-4839 E-mail: ksma@kaist.ac.kr

Received 12 July 2018 Revised 13 August 2018 Accepted 17 August 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes on alpine skiers’ body composition, anaerobic power, isokinetic knee strength and muscle balance ratio (hamstring to quadriceps [HQ] ratio) before and after winter season.

Methods

The subjects of this study was 22 elite alpine skier, aged 16−20 years. Participants were divided into two groups (male, 12; female, 10). The study conducts a periodization training program in the winter season for 4 months. The data processing of this study was analyzed by paired t-test, using SPSS 21.0 statistics program.

Results

There was significance on fat free mass in male group (p＜0.05); there was significance on anaerobic power and average power in female group (p＜0.01), and fatigue index significantly increased in male group (p＜ 0.05). There was significance on extension power of male group and flexion power of female group in 30^°/sec. There was significance on extension power of both groups in 180º/sec (p＜0.05). There was significant increase on flexion power of male group in 240º/sec (p＜0.01). There was significant increase on H/Q% of female right side in 30^°/sec (p＜0.01). There was significance on right side of both groups in 180^°/sec (p＜0.05). There were significances on right and left side of both groups in 240^°/sec (male, p＜0.01; female, p＜0.05).

Conclusion

Therefore, this study suggests that the periodization training should be important to maintain and to develop seasonal condition of alpine skiers.

Keywords: Alpine ski, Anaerobic power, Isokinetic strength, Muscle balance ratio, Periodization training

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Table 1.

Characteristics of subjects

Subject	Male (n=12)	Female (n=10)
Age (yr)	18.07±2.19	16.10±1.66
Height (cm)	172.43±5.60	159.67±2.08
Weight (kg)	69.74±10.70	55.75±6.72
Career (yr)	8.45±5.80	6.83±2.40

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

Table 2.

Formula for peak power and fatigue index

Item	Formula
Peak power	kp×Peak number of revolution during 5 sec×11.765
Lowest power	kp×Lowest number of revolution during 5 sec×11.765
Fatigue index	(Peak power–lowest power)/peak×100

Table 3.

Weekly program during winter season

Time	Sun	Mon	Tue	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat
07:00−09:00	Ski Tr SG	Ski Tr GS	Ski Tr GS	Ski Tr SL	Ski Tr SL	Ski Tr	Ski Tr
	gates	gates-video	gates-video	gates-SL	gates-SL	SG gates	GS+SL team competition
09:30−11:00	FS	FS	FS	FS	FS	FS-video
14:00−17:00	Free	Ski Tr GS	Gym speed,	Free	Ski Tr SL	Ski Tr SG	Gym
		FS game	jump strength		FS practice	FS speed	gymnastic
		FS practice (basic/technical)	(upper/lower)		basic	FS practice	games, drill cardio-endurance
18:00−20:00	Meeting	Video meeting	Video meeting		Review meeting	Video meeting	Free

Tr: training, SG: super giant slalom, GS: giant slalom, SL: slalom, FS: free skiing.

Table 4.

Training type and season summary during winter season

	Training type	Intensity	Duration
Dry training	- Weight training	80%/1 RM	3 hr
	- Aerobic endurance	70%−80%/VO₂max
	- Speed (dash run), jump (burpee and plyometric training)	90%−100%/HRmax	x
Snow training	- Official training: 110 (day)		3−6 hr
(season summary)	- Snow training: 107 (day)
	- SL gate training (ea)/time: 6,890 (hr)
	- GS gate training (ea)/time: 4,900 (hr)
	- SG training (ea)/time: 1,550 (hr)

RM: repetition maximum, HR: heart rate, SL: slalom, GS: giant slalom, SG: super giant slalom.

Table 5.

Changes in physical characteristics before and after winter season

Variable	Group	Before	After	t	p-value
Height (cm)	Male	172.43±5.66	172.71±4.99	−0.284	0.192
	Female	159.67±2.08	160.67±2.30	−1.000	0.423
Weight (kg)	Male	69.74±10.75	70.59±10.17	−0.857	0.152
	Female	55.75±6.72	56.88±8.98	−1.144	0.336
Body fat (%)	Male	14.81±3.02	13.76±2.49	1.505	0.183
	Female	23.80±6.03	23.15±8.53	0.518	0.641
FFM (kg)	Male	56.82±10.15	58.88±10.01	−3.018	0.022^∗
	Female	42.18±2.40	43.15±2.55	−1.954	0.146

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

FFM: fat free mass.

^∗ p＜0.05.

Table 6.

Changes in anaerobic power before and after winter season

Variable	Group	Before	After	t	p-value
Peak power (watt)	Male	801.64±191.55	792.80±87.16	0.311	0.766
	Female	617.90±135.01	564.33±129.30	9.501	0.002^∗∗
Peak power/kg (watt)	Male	12.44±1.63	11.89±1.22	1.189	0.279
	Female	11.03±1.20	9.88±1.02	9.139	0.003^∗∗
90 sec FI (%)	Male	67.37±6.56	79.09±7.62	−3.486	0.013^∗
	Female	71.38±6.86	79.00±11.63	−1.345	0.271

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

FI: fatigue index.

^∗ p＜0.05,

^∗∗ p＜0.01.

Table 7.

Changes in isokinetic knee strength before and after winter season

Variable	Group	Po	osition	Before	After	t	p-value
30^°/sec (peak torque, Nm)	Male	Rt	Ext	202.71±95.93	226.00±79.93	−3.005	0.024^∗
			Flex	119.14±56.35	139.57±42.22	−2.263	0.064
		Lt	Ext	195.59±75.10	241.14±100.25	−3.946	0.008^∗∗
			Flex	113.00±42.91	131.14±44.34	−3.500	0.013^∗
	Female	e Rt	Ext	110.25±21.65	138.00±34.81	−2.175	0.118
			Flex	65.75±8.53	95.75±12.42	−3.565	0.038^∗
		Lt	Ext	129.50±23.30	161.00±23.95	−2.741	0.071
			Flex	71.25±7.76	92.25±15.76	−3.240	0.048^∗∗
180^°/sec (average power/kg, %)	Male	Rt	Ext	427.29±64.16	342.16±89.48	−7.433	0.002^∗∗
			Flex	238.77±41.26	269.81±45.85	−1.450	0.197
		Lt	Ext	385.54±72.86	371.78±48.89	0.577	0.595
			Flex	230.36±41.14	251.53±44.92	−0.939	0.384
	Female	Rt	Ext	321.98±65.94	259.50±32.34	3.386	0.043^∗
			Flex	187.28±33.94	231.50±64.22	−1.086	0.357
		Lt	Ext	334.03±72.22	322.55±53.00	0.963	0.406
			Flex	177.40±46.73	197.10±46.23	−0.633	0.572
240^°/sec (total work, J)	Male	Rt	Ext	2,425.80±864.94	2,580.00±852.84	−1.133	0.321
			Flex	1,484.80±585.85	2,381.60±764.64	−5.697	0.005^∗∗
		Lt	Ext	2,380.86±591.45	2,428.14±16.44	−0.632	0.551
			Flex	1,378.71±527.93	2,268.29±682.13	−10.463	0.000^∗∗
	Female	Rt	Ext	1,527.75±520.51	1,433.25±413.62	−5.401	0.012^∗
			Flex	933.50±240.98	1,669.25±339.01	−7.355	0.005^∗∗
		Lt	Ext	1,725.75±247.70	1,608.75±67.27	1.197	0.317
			Flex	838.25±234.05	1,519.00±223.48	−4.891	0.016^∗

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Rt: right, Lt: left, Ext: extension, Flex: flexion.

^∗ p＜0.05,

^∗∗ p＜0.01.

Table 8.

Changes in the ratio o of quadricep ps and hamstring befo ore and after winter sea ason

Variable	Group		Before	After	t	p-value
Variable	Group		Ext/flex ratio		t	p-value
30^°/sec (%)	Male	Right	58.82±3.15	61.06±4.91	−0.086	0.935
		Left	55.30±2.93	55.68±9.61	−1.004	0.372
	Female	Right	60.60±9.69	71.58±9.00	−20.476	0.000^∗∗
		Left	55.75±6.51	58.50±12.93	−0.456	0.679
180^°/sec (%)	Male	Right	58.42±5.46	72.16±7.80	−7.433	0.002^∗∗
		Left	55.56±5.67	67.54±15.66	−1.781	0.150
	Female	Right	58.75±5.87	81.03±14.39	−4.017	0.028^∗
		Left	53.75±4.16	62.50±18.70	−1.163	0.329
240^°/sec (%)	Male	Right	59.10±3.64	96.92±16.40	−5.743	0.005^∗∗
		Left	56.98±4.90	94.82±12.00	−5.121	0.007^∗∗
	Female	Right	60.43±4.37	115.33±22.87	−5.401	0.012^∗
		Left	53.50±2.67	91.03±16.44	−4.427	0.024^∗

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Ext: extension, Flex: flexion.

^∗ p＜0.05,

^∗∗ p＜0.01.

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