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Abstract
Purpose
Changes in serum biomarkers of cardiac and muscle damage have been studied in ultra-marathon runners for distances up to 308 km. We investigated these biomarker changes following a 622-km super-ultramarathon race.
Methods
A group of men with a mean age of 52.7±4.8 years participated. Blood samples were obtained pre-race, during the race, and post-race, to analyze the aforementioned biomarkers.
Results
Creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels increased during the race, and both steadily declined post-race with CK-MB declining at a slower rate. Lactic acid dehydrogenase levels overall were increased over pre-race levels. White blood cell counts increased during the race. Red blood cell decreased from pre-race to 300 km and 622 km. Platelet increased only in the recovery period. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were increased throughout the race and at day 3 compared to pre-race levels. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels increased during the race. N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels increased during the race.
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Fig. 1.
Changes in troponin I at each distance and time point. Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. a: significantly different from the pre-race at p＜0.05, b: significantly different from the 300 km at p＜0.05, c: significantly different from the 622 km at p＜0.05. cTnI, cardiac troponin I (normal range, ≤0.78 ng/mL).
Fig. 2.
Changes in NT-proBNP at each distance and time point. Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. a: significantly different from the pre-race at p＜0.05, b: significantly different from the 300 km at p＜0.05, c: significantly different from the 622 km at p＜0.05. NT-pro BNP, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (normal range, ≤125 pg/mL).
Table 1.
Characteristics of dem respiratory fitness in study partici ographics and cardio-ipants (n=10)
Table 2.
Changes in the bio-markers of cardiac and muscle damage at each distance and time point
| Factor | Pre-race | 300 km | 622 km | 3 Day | 6 Day |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK (IU/L) | 112.1±37.6 | 2.369.0±758.1∗ | 2,252.3±700.8∗ | 240.5±156.0†,‡ | 106.1±40.3†,‡ |
| CK-MB (ng/mL) | 2.6±1.3 | 36.8±18.7∗ | 45.8±17.0∗ | 8.1±5.2∗,†,‡ | 3.3±1.4†,‡,§ |
| CK-MB/CK ratio | 0.02±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.03±0.02 | 0.03±0.01 |
| LDH (IU/L) | 327.5±35.3 | 980.6±372.6∗ | 1,210.8±315.4∗ | 669.5±171.9∗,‡ | 452.1±84.1∗,†,‡,§ |
| hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 0.03±0.03 | 1.32±0.89∗ | 1.67±1.29∗ | 0.24±0.20∗,†,‡ | 0.06±0.06†,‡,§ |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. CK: creatine kinase (normal range, 58–348 IU/L), CK-MB: creatine kinase MB (normal range, 0–5.0 ng/mL), CK-MB/CK ratio: normal range, ＜2.5%), LDH: lactate dehydrogenase (normal range, ≤260 IU/L), hs-CRP: highlysensitive C-reactive protein (normal range, ≤0.3 mg/dL).
Table 3.
Changes in hematological parameters at each distance and time point
| Factor | Pre-race | 300 km | 622 km | 3 Day | 6 Day |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WBC (103/UL) | 6.3±1.1 | 11.9±3.8∗ | 12.0±4.1∗ | 6.9±2.2†,‡ | 6.5±1.2†,‡ |
| RBC (106/L) | 4.5±0.5 | 4.1±0.3∗ | 4.1±0.4∗ | 4.2±0.5 | 4.3±0.5 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 14.4±1.5 | 13.1±0.7∗ | 12.8±1.1∗ | 13.6±1.3 | 13.9±1.3‡ |
| Hct (%) | 40.9±3.7 | 38.0±1.9 | 37.9±3.0 | 39.9±3.2 | 40.8±3.4 |
| Platelet (×103/L) | 211.4±54.3 | 207.8±49.0 | 224.8±45.5 | 287.3±62.0∗,†,‡ | 293.8±78.0∗,†,‡ |
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