Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training and Natural Fermented Vinegar on Body Composition and Cardiopulmonary Function in Middle Aged Women

Kijin Kim; Nayoung Ahn; Youngsik Ju; Gyuho Lee; Miyeon Kim; Yongjin Jung

doi:10.5763/kjsm.2018.36.3.126

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Kim, Ahn, Ju, Lee, Kim, and Jung: Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training and Natural Fermented Vinegar on Body Composition and Cardiopulmonary Function in Middle Aged Women

Clinical Article

Korean J Sports Med 2018;36(3):126-134.

Published online: 17 January 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2018.36.3.126

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training and Natural Fermented Vinegar on Body Composition and Cardiopulmonary Function in Middle Aged Women

Kijin Kim¹, Nayoung Ahn¹, Youngsik Ju¹, Gyuho Lee¹, Miyeon Kim², Yongjin Jung^2,³

¹Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu

²Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu

³KMF Co., Ltd., Daegu, Korea

Correspondence: Kijin Kim Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea Tel: +82-53-580-5256, Fax: +82-53-580-5314, E-mail: kjk744@kmu.ac.kr ∗This study was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through High Value-added Food Technology Development Program, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (314072-3).

Received 21 May 2018 Revised 18 August 2018 Accepted 19 August 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of longterm endurance exercise and natural fermented vinegar on body composition and cardiopulmonary function of 50-aged postmenopausal women.

Methods

Subjects were divided into four groups (sedentary group, aerobic exercise group, natural fermented vinegar group, and aerobic exercise plus natural fermented vinegar group) to perform natural fermented vinegar intake or aerobic exercise for 8 weeks. Body weight, body composition, cardiopulmonary function test, and blood concentration of glucose, lipid profiles, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were measured.

Results

The results showed that natural fermented vinegar or aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks no significantly improved body weight control and body composition. However, natural fermented vinegar plus aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks significantly improved cardiopulmonary function.

Conclusion

These results suggest that natural fermented vinegar plus aerobic exercise training has a significant effect on anti-fatigue.

Keywords: Aerobic exercise, Fatigue, Obesity, Vinegar, Women

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Fig. 1.

Changes of percentage of body fat after treatments.

Fig. 2.

Changes of maximal oxygen uptake after treatments (∗p＜0.05 compared to pre-exercise).

Fig. 3.

Changes of heart rate in post-exercise 15 minutes (∗p＜0.05 compared to pre-exercise). HR: heart rate.

Table 1.

Characteristics of subjects

Group	Age (yr)	Height (cm)	Body weight (kg)
Placebo (n=7)	59.87±9.49	156.62±5.50	62.95±8.62
Exercise (n=10)	53.37±9.42	156.37±3.58	56.70±4.68
Vinegar (n=9)	57.85±8.49	159.14±2.26	57.94±5.93
Vinegar＋ exercise (n=8)	51.66±5.36	160.11±3.85	62.82±8.44
Total (n=34)	54.65±9.05	158.09±4.16	60.25±7.43

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

Table 2.

Changes of body weight, BMI, and percentage of fat

Group	Body weight (kg)		BMI (kg/m²)		Percentage of fat (%)
Group	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Placebo	62.95±8.62	63.75±8.62	25.60±2.72	25.76±2.84	32.22±4.78	33.17±3.63
Exercise	56.70±4.68	56.43±4.51	23.21±1.79	23.00±1.72	29.78±4.73	30.45±3.77
Vinegar	57.94±5.93	58.42±6.03	22.88±2.53	21.77±5.30	28.82±4.61	27.57±5.06
Vinegar＋exercise	62.82±8.44	62.34±8.83	24.35±3.05	24.17±3.25	28.33±5.19	28.04±5.34
Total	60.25±7.43	60.36±7.58	24.05±2.68	23.75±3.57	29.77±4.86	29.82±4.85

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. There were no significant changes between pre- and posttreatments in all groups.

BMI: body mass index.

Table 3.

Changes of blood concentration of AST, ALT, and glucose

Group	AST (mg/dL)		ALT (mg/dL)		Glucose (mg/dL)
Group	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Placebo	24.44±16.89	28.44±22.71	20.22±15.53	42.88±59.72	98.88±15.42	101.77±22.12
Exercise	27.50±33.13	34.25±48.47	17.25±28.37	31.25±48.10	95.37±1743	97.12±16.33
Vinegar	16.42±2.29	17.71±4.02	9.85±1.67	16.85±4.59	106.14±25.73	110.85±23.77
Vinegar＋exercise	25.50±13.77	24.40±8.28	14.00±8.20	28.10±18.35	92.70±10.60	98.20±31.43
Total	24.61±19.32	26.41±26.04	15.55±16.19	30.44±39.17	97.73±17.25	101.50±23.95

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. There were no significant changes between pre- and posttreatments in all groups.

AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase.

Table 4.

Changes of blood concentration of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C

Group	TC (mg/dL)		TG (mg/dL)		LDL-C (mg/dL)		HDL-C (mg/dL)
Group	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Placebo	203.33±18.95	197.00±18.06	241.55±135.42	192.22^∗±116.03	128.00±21.67	132.77±20.68	39.11±9.42	44.44^∗±12.88
Exercise	196.12±20.26	186.87±29.41	172.62±125.94	117.37^∗±38.78	120.75±16.93	120.37±22.64	45.75±11.67	54.50^∗±11.71
Vinegar	180.28±35.18	168.00±40.59	134.426±66.83	106.28^∗±51.17	115.57±35.63	99.28±39.91	49.00±8.83	59.28^∗±9.44
Vinegar＋ exercise	197.80±36.25	210.80±31.04	147.80±91.17	129.60^∗±84.54	125.90±39.81	140.50±38.27	47.80±16.17	57.00^∗±17.26
Total	195.26±28.72	192.70±32.66	175.70±112.57	138.50^∗±84.54	123.11±29.33	125.23±33.70	45.26±12.30	53.55^∗±14.15

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

^∗ p＜0.05, compared to pre-test value, two-way repeated analysis of variance. TG: time, F=6.158 (p=0.019); time×group, F=0.350 (p=0.789); group, F=2.290 (p=0.122). HDL-C: time, F=36.168 (p=0.001); time×group, F=0.597 (p=0.622); group, F=1.718 (p=0.184).

Table 5.

Changes of resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Group	Resting heart rate (beats/min)		Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)		Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
Group	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Placebo	69.25±5.09	71.75±6.81	125.37±13.65	131.00±8.71	82.50±5.52	79.50^∗±3.58
Exercise	69.62±6.11	69.00±6.21	123.12±20.42	121.62±23.70	79.62±11.13	72.62^∗±5.85
Vinegar	61.57±6.99	60.42±9.62	116.57±15.52	118.42±8.90	72.42±8.71	72.28^∗±6.07
Vinegar＋exercise	61.88±13.13	59.77±10.67	126.11±12.89	126.55±13.71	80.66±10.01	77.00^∗±10.58
Total	65.59±9.14	65.21±9.74	123.09±15.47	124.65±15.18	79.06±9.44	75.50^∗±7.47

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

^∗ p＜0.05 compared to pre-test value, two-way repeated analysis of variance. Diastolic blood pressure: time, F=7.223 (p=0.012); time×group, F=1.139 (p=0.350); group, F=1.139 (p=0.350).

Table 6.

Changes of exercise duration on 85% HRR, VO₂max, and post-15-minute HR

Group	Exercise duration on 85% HRR (sec)		VO₂max (mL/kg/min)		Post-15-minute HR (beats/min)
Group	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Placebo	466.25±75.58	453.12^∗±75.45	27.17±4.23	26.43^∗±4.22	86.87±6.79	84.62^∗±9.03
Exercise	478.12±49.30	496.25^∗±64.53	27.83±2.76	28.85^∗±3.61	85.50±12.13	83.37^∗±8.91
Vinegar	504.28±120.08	520.42^∗±132.86	29.26±6.71	30.20^∗±7.44	80.28±11.82	73.57^∗±9.81
Vinegar＋exercise	487.88±83.46	513.22^∗±67.30	28.38±4.67	29.80^∗±3.76	82.00±13.96	76.22^∗±11.70
Total	483.62±81.33	495.53±86.64	28.13±4.54	28.80±4.85	83.71±11.31	79.53±10.58

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

HRR: heart rate reserve, HR: heart rate.

^∗ p＜0.05 compared to pre-test value, two-way repeated analysis of variance. Exercise duration on 85% HRR: time, F=5.716 (p=0.024); time×group, F=3.143 (p=0.041); group, F=0.556 (p=0.648). VO₂max: time, F=5.911 (p=0.022); time×group, F=3.177 (p=0.039); group, F=0.551 (p=0.6452). Post-15-minute HR: time, F=12.072 (p=0.002); time×group, F=0.937 (p=0.436); group, F=1.300 (p=0.294).

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