Effects of Job Demand and Recovery Experience from Job Stress on Job Embeddedness among Workers in the Service Industry

So Yeun Jun; Youn Hyang Lee; Eun Kyung Choi

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.2.143

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Jun, Lee, and Choi: Effects of Job Demand and Recovery Experience from Job Stress on Job Embeddedness among Workers in the Service Industry

Original Article

J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2018;29(2):143-154.

Published online: 12 June 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.2.143

Effects of Job Demand and Recovery Experience from Job Stress on Job Embeddedness among Workers in the Service Industry

So Yeun Jun¹, Youn Hyang Lee², Eun Kyung Choi³

¹Seoul Womens of Nursing College, Seoul, Korea

²College of Nursing, Kosin University, Busan, Korea

³Department of Nursing, Donga College of Health, Yeongam, Korea

Corresponding author: Lee, Youn Hyang Graduate School, Kosin University, 262, Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Korea. Tel: +82-70-7746-3606, Fax: +82-51-990-3970, E-mail: llh113@nate.com

Received 25 October 2017 Revised 2 April 2018 Accepted 2 April 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of job demand and recovery experience from job stress on job embeddedness among workers in the service industry.

Methods

The participants were 223 workers from the service industry in P and Y Cities with the help of a structured self-report questionnaire, administered between July 10 and August 20, 2017. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression.

Results

There were significant differences in job embedd-edness in terms of satisfaction with salary, continuous service, perceived stress level and the perceived health status of the subjects. There were significant positive correlations between role clarification in job demands (r=.55), recovery experience from job stress (r=.27) and job embeddedness. From the multiple regression analysis, the most significant factors affecting job embeddedness were found to be role clarification in job demands (β=.47), recovery experience from job stress (β=.23), and perceived stress level (β=.18). These variables explain 34.0 % of the total variance in job embeddedness.

Conclusion

In order to increase job embeddedness among workers in the service industry, it is necessary to prepare measures to increase recovery experience from job stress and to decrease role clar-ificationin job demand, and perceived stress level.

Keywords: Personnel loyalty, Workload, Recovery of function, Commerce, Manpower

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Table 1.

Job Embeddedness Degree according to the Characteristics of Subjects (N=223)

Characteristic	Categories	n(%)	M±SD	t or F	p	Scheffé
Gender	Male	58 (26.0)	34.20±4.76	2.39	.019
Gender	Female	165 (74.0)	32.47±4.62
Age (year)	＜30	63 (28.3)	33.12±5.05	0.55	.645
	30~39	55 (24.7)	32.47±5.01
	40~49	81 (36.3)	33.29±4.72
	≥50	24 (10.8)	32.20±2.75
Education	Middle school	7 (3.1)	31.28±1.11	0.44	.643
	High school	105 (47.1)	33.01±4.12
	University	111 (49.8)	32.94±5.34
Marriage	Unmarried	122 (54.7)	32.77±4.97	0.53	.584
	Married	92 (41.3)	32.98±4.35
	Others	9 (4.0)	32.44±4.82
Number of drinking (time of one week)	Never	38 (17.0)	33.39±4.27	1.89	.904
	1	86 (38.6)	32.91±3.92
	2~3	78 (35.0)	32.69±5.12
	≥4	21 (9.4)	33.00±6.75
Amount of drinking (cup of one time)	1~2	91 (40.8)	32.90±4.19	1.54	.217
	3~4	67 (30.0)	33.31±4.74
	≥5	27 (12.1)	31.40±6.54
State of smoking	Smoking	57 (25.6)	33.61±4.70	0.82	.442
	Non smoking	159 (71.3)	32.70±4.73
	Past smoking/present no	7 (3.1)	32.42±4.42
Amount of smoking	＜10	17 (7.6)	32.00±4.88	2.37	.102
	10~19	32 (14.3)	34.78±4.63
	≥20	8 (3.6)	32.37±3.58
Regular exercise (time of one week)	Never	82 (36.8)	32.45±4.18	1.75	.157
	1	48 (21.5)	33.50±4.18
	2~3	62 (27.8)	33.70±6.00
	≥4	31 (13.9)	31.74±3.54
Sleeping hours	＜7	107 (48.0)	32.65±4.58	2.74	.067
	7~＜8	73 (32.7)	32.45±4.78
	≥8	43 (19.3)	34.41±4.73
Perceived health status	Unhealthy^a	11(4.9)	34.63±3.74	7.86	.001	(-)
	Moderate^b	170 (76.2)	32.25±4.33
	Healthy^c	42 (18.8)	35.21±5.59

Table 2.

Job Embeddedness Degree according to the Job Characteristics of Subjects (N=223)

Characteristic	Categories	n(%)	M±SD	t or F	p	Scheffé
Satisfaction of salary	Dissatisfaction^a	62 (27.8)	31.53±4.89	4.27	.015	a＜b
	Moderate^b	121 (54.3)	33.65±4.44
	Satisfaction^c	40 (17.9)	32.90±4.85
Types of duty	Full time	97(43.5)	33.26±4.83	0.45	.638
	Night alternation	15(6.7)	32.80±3.14
	Part time	111(49.8)	32.64±4.79
Types of employment	Regularity job	109(48.9)	33.00±4.66	0.22	.825
Types of employment	Non regularity job	114(51.1)	32.85±4.78
Continuous service (year)	＜2^a	67(30.0)	31.47±4.92	4.64	.004	a＜c
	2~＜4^b	53(23.8)	33.07±4.27
	4~＜6^c	30(13.5)	35.13±3.82
	≥6^d	73(32.7)	33.24±4.80
Total number of workers	＜50	58(26.0)	32.50±4.15	2.28	.080
	50~＜100	33(14.8)	34.15±4.07
	100~＜300	110(49.3)	32.44±4.74
	300~500	22(9.9)	34.63±6.23
Stress level	High^a	33(14.8)	30.12±5.04	10.56	＜.001	a＜b＜c
	Moderate^b	172(77.1)	33.15±4.40
	Low^c	18(8.1)	35.94±4.62

Table 3.

Degree of Job Demand, Recovery Experience from Job Stress and Job Embeddedness of subjects (N=223)

Variables	Item	M±SD	Total range (Min~Max)	Item M±SD	Item range (Min~Max)
Job demand:	9	26.83±4.13	9~45	2.98±0.45	1.00~5.00
Role clarify	3	11.17±1.74	3~15	3.72±0.58	1.00~5.00
Role conflict	3	8.65±2.34	3~15	2.88±0.78	1.00~5.00
Role overload	3	7.00±2.32	3~15	2.33±0.77	1.00~5.00
Recovery experience from job stress:	16	45.25±10.25	16~80	2.82±0.64	1.00~5.00
Psychological detachment	4	8.83±3.55	4~20	2.45±0.88	1.00~5.00
Relaxation	4	11.52±3.35	4~20	2.89±0.83	1.00~5.00
Mastery experience	4	10.47±3.42	4~20	2.61±0.85	1.00~5.00
Control during leisure time	4	13.35±3.37	4~20	3.33±0.84	1.00~5.00
Job embeddedness:	10	32.92±4.71	13~50	3.29±0.47	1.30~5.00
Fit	4	13.22±2.34	4~20	3.30±0.58	1.50~5.00
Link	3	10.21±1.78	3~15	3.40±0.59	1.00~5.00
Sacrifice	3	9.48±1.68	3~15	3.16±0.56	1.00~5.00

Table 4.

Correlation between Job Demand, Recovery Experience from Job Stress and Job Embeddedness of Subjects (N=223)

Variables	Job embeddedness
	Total		Fit		Link		Sacrifice
	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p
Job demand:	.06	.339	-.12	.071	.20	.002	.13	.052
Role clarify	.55	＜.001	.39	＜.001	.54	＜.001	.27	＜.001
Role conflict	-.09	.144	-.22	.001	.07	.265	-.03	.584
Role overload	-.16	.015	-.28	＜.001	-.11	.085	.06	.376
Recovery experience from job stress:	.27	＜.001	.35	＜.001	.11	.080	.16	.083
Psychological detachment	-.14	.037	-.04	.554	-.20	.002	-.11	.083
Relaxation	.26	＜.001	.33	＜.001	.07	.246	.18	.006
Mastery experience	.27	＜.001	.32	＜.001	.10	.111	.19	.004
Control during leisure time	.46	＜.001	.45	＜.001	.38	＜.001	.25	＜.001

Table 5.

Influencing Factors on Job Embeddedness of Subjects (N=223)

Dependent variables	Independent variables	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	p	Adj. R²
Dependent variables	Independent variables	B	SE	β	t	p	Adj. R²
Job fit	(Constant)	1.45	1.12	-	1.29	.196
	Role clarify	0.47	0.07	.35	6.41	＜.001	.15
	Recovery experience from job stress	0.06	0.01	.28	5.10	＜.001	.27
	Level of stress	1.18	0.28	.23	4.21	＜.001	.33
	Perceived health status^†	0.58	0.28	.11	2.09	.038	.34
Job Link	(Constant)	3.70	0.80	-	4.58	＜.001
	Role clarify	0.56	0.05	.55	9.82	＜.001	.28
	Satisfaction of salary	-0.33	0.14	-.12	-2.21	.028	.30
	Recovery experience from job stress^‡	0.02	0.01	.11	2.01	.045	.31
Job Sactifice	(Constant)	3.27	1.00	-	3.25	.001
	Role clarify	0.28	0.06	.29	4.59	＜.001	.07
	Satisfaction of salary	0.49	0.15	.19	3.13	.002	.10
	Recovery experience from job stress	0.03	0.01	.18	2.89	.004	.12
	Role overload^§	0.11	0.04	.15	2.38	.018	.14
Job embeddedness (total)	(Constant)	10.14	2.08	-	4.86	＜.001
	Role clarify	1.27	0.14	.47	8.66	＜.001	.24
	Recovery experience from job stress	0.11	0.02	.23	4.31	＜.001	.31
	Stress level^ǁ	1.85	0.55	.18	3.34	.001	.34

SE=standard error; Adj. R²=Adjusted coefficient of determination R²; Dummy Variable=Level of stress (low=1, high=0), Perceived health status (health=1, unhealthiness, moderate=0), Satisfaction of salary (satisfaction=1, dissatisfaction, moderate=0);

^† R²=.35, Adj. R²=.34, F=29.86, p＜.001;

^‡ R²=.31, Adj. R²=.31, F=34.25, p＜.001;

^§ R²=.16, Adj. R²=.14, F=10.55, p＜.001;

^ǁ Tolerance=.94~.98 VIF=1.01~1.05, Durbin-watson=1.86, R²=.35, Adj. R²=.34, F=40.74, p＜.001.

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