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Finsterer: Genotypic and Phenotypic Heterogeneity of LGMD1D due to DNAJB6 Mutations
We read with interest the article by Kim, et al.1 concerning 3 patients with autosomal dominant limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 1D (LGMD1D) due to mutations p.Phe89Ile and p.Phe100Ile in DNAJB6. We have the following comments and concerns.
If patients with LGMD1D exhibit symptoms in childhood, it is not justified to call LGMD1D a disorder only with adult onset. At least, a rare early onset and the more common late onset phenotype should be designated. Not only did Patient-2 experience muscle problems in childhood,1 but also Ruggieri, et al.2 reported a patient with childhood onset. Another LGMD1D patient with childhood onset (8 years) was described by Suarez-Cedeno, et al.3 Finally, Nam's index case had early onset at age 8 years.4
Additionally, if a patient does not complain about cardiac symptoms, this does not necessarily mean that he has no cardiac involvement. Cardiac disease can be subclinical, and thus, all patients with myopathy need to undergo prospective cardiac investigations for cardiac involvement. Cardiac involvement frequently comprises cardiomyopathy of any type (noncompaction, heart failure, or arrhythmias). Accordingly, I wonder whether there were any abnormalities detected on long-term ECG echocardiography or cardiac MRI.
Typically, for most neuromuscular disorders, creatine-kinase (CK) values fluctuate. Thus, it is essential to review previous laboratory investigations to see if CK was elevated prior to diagnosis. I would be interested to know to what degrees did CK values fluctuate in the three presented patients over time. Moreover, a serum CK value of 175 U/L, as detected in Patient 1, would be abnormal in our laboratory. Provision of reference limits would be helpful.
Though rare, it should be mentioned that LGMD1D may have an onset with distal muscle weakness (Table 1), as has been reported by Ruggieri, et al.2 There are also patients who generally have distally pronounced muscle weakness (Table 1).5 Distal predominance has also been reported in the three affected members of family 2 reported by Harms, et al.6 (Table 1). Two of the patients described by Kim, et al.1 had distal predominance as well (Table 1). Generally, the phenotype of LGMD1D seems to be more heterogeneous than initially assumed.
Finally, we do not agree with the statement that only nine different mutations have been detected in DNAJB6 so far.1 According to Table 1, at least 10 different mutations have been reported thus far (Table 1).
Overall, this interesting study could be more meaningful by distinguishing between early and late onset LGMD1D, by differentiating distal and proximal predominant affection, by prospective studies of the heart, eyes, ears, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys to exclude multisystem involvement and by reviewing previously determined CK values.

Notes

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

References

1. Kim K, Park HJ, Lee JH, Hong J, Ahn SW, Choi YC. Two Korean families with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1D associated with DNAJB6 mutations. Yonsei Med J. 2018; 59:698–701. PMID: 29869469.
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2. Ruggieri A, Brancati F, Zanotti S, Maggi L, Pasanisi MB, Saredi S, et al. Complete loss of the DNAJB6 G/F domain and novel missense mutations cause distal-onset DNAJB6 myopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2015; 3:44. PMID: 26205529.
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3. Suarez-Cedeno G, Winder T, Milone M. DNAJB6 myopathy: a vacuolar myopathy with childhood onset. Muscle Nerve. 2014; 49:607–610. PMID: 24170373.
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4. Nam TS, Li W, Heo SH, Lee KH, Cho A, Shin JH, et al. A novel mutation in DNAJB6, p.(Phe91Leu), in childhood-onset LGMD1D with a severe phenotype. Neuromuscul Disord. 2015; 25:843–851. PMID: 26371419.
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5. Sarparanta J, Jonson PH, Golzio C, Sandell S, Luque H, Screen M, et al. Mutations affecting the cytoplasmic functions of the co-chaperone DNAJB6 cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Nat Genet. 2012; 44:450–455. PMID: 22366786.
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6. Harms MB, Sommerville RB, Allred P, Bell S, Ma D, Cooper P, et al. Exome sequencing reveals DNAJB6 mutations in dominantly-inherited myopathy. Ann Neurol. 2012; 71:407–416. PMID: 22334415.
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7. Jonson PH, Palmio J, Johari M, Penttilä S, Evilä A, Nelson I, et al. Novel mutations in DNAJB6 cause LGMD1D and distal myopathy in French families. Eur J Neurol. 2018; 25:790–794. PMID: 29437287.
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8. Kojima Y, Noto YI, Takewaki D, Tokuda N, Shiga K, Hamano A, et al. Characteristic posterior-dominant lower limb muscle involvement in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy due to a DNAJB6 Phe-93Leu mutation. Intern Med. 2017; 56:2347–2351. PMID: 28794355.
9. Palmio J, Jonson PH, Evilä A, Auranen M, Straub V, Bushby K, et al. Novel mutations in DNAJB6 gene cause a very severe early-onset limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1D disease. Neuromuscul Disord. 2015; 25:835–842. PMID: 26338452.
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10. Couthouis J, Raphael AR, Siskind C, Findlay AR, Buenrostro JD, Greenleaf WJ, et al. Exome sequencing identifies a DNAJB6 mutation in a family with dominantly-inherited limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord. 2014; 24:431–435. PMID: 24594375.
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11. Sato T, Hayashi YK, Oya Y, Kondo T, Sugie K, Kaneda D, et al. DNAJB6 myopathy in an Asian cohort and cytoplasmic/nuclear inclusions. Neuromuscul Disord. 2013; 23:269–276. PMID: 23394708.
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Table 1

Genetic Background of Patients with Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 1D

ymj-59-1008-i001
Reference NOP Ethnic origin Mutation Phenotypic peculiarity
Kim, et al.1 3 Asian p.Phe89Ile None
Asian p.Phe100Ile Lower extremity onset, early onset
Asian p.Phe100Ile Bulbar symptoms, distal predominance
Jonson, et al.7 >4 Caucasian p.Asp98del Distal predominance
Caucasian p.Asn95Ile None
Caucasian p.Phe93Leu None
Kojima, et al.8 1 Asian p.Phe93Leu None
Nam, et al.4 1 Asian p.Phe91Leu Early onset
Palmio, et al.9 3 Caucasian p.Phe91Ile Early onset, respiratory failure
1 Caucasian p.Phe91Leu Respiratory failure
Ruggieri, et al.2 2 Caucasian p.Phe91 Distal onset, early onset
Caucasian p.Phe100Val Distal onset, early onset
Suarez-Cedeno, et al.3 1 Caucasian p.Phe89Ile Early onset
Couthouis, et al.10 4 Caucasian p.Phe89Ile None
Sato, et al.11 2 Asian p.Phe96Ile None
Asian p.Phe96Leu None
Harms, et al.6 3 American p.Pro96Arg Heal cord contracture, distal dominant
Sarparanta, et al.5 9 Caucasians p.Phe93Leu None

NOP, number of patients.

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