PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Abstract
Purpose
To investigate factors related to cardio-cerebrovascular disease and groups disadvantaged by it in Korean middle-aged women, using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
Methods
The present study was conducted with 1,627 middle-aged women, aged 40 to 64 years, who participated in the 7th (2016) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Results
Cardio-cerebrovascular disease among middle-aged women was associated with quality of life, menopause, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, and family history of hypertension. The incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease in middle-aged women was found to be the most prevalent in women who have entered menopause, have a family history of hypertension, and have a body mass index greater than 30.0 kg/m2.
Conclusion
This study classifies the subjects according to the risk level of each disadvantaged group for cardio-cerebrovascular disease prevention and management in middle-aged women. The results provide evidence to support a tailored car-dio-cerebrovascular disease prevention and management program based on the related factors of disadvantaged groups and to establish strategies in educational and practical aspects.
References
1. Ministry of Government Legislation. Act on the prevention and management of cardiocerebrovascular diseases [Internet]. Seoul: Author;2017. [cited 2018 March 22]. Available from:. http://www.law.go.kr/lsSc.do?tabMenuId=tab18&query=%EC%8B%AC%EB%87%8C%ED%98%88%EA%B4%80%EC%A7%88%ED%99%98#undefined.
2. Statistics Korea. 2016 annual report on the cause of death statistics [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;2016. [cited 2018 March 22]. Available from:. http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/6/2/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=363268.
3. Park YJ, Sim MJ, Kim HJ, Jeon NM, Kim HY, Lee ES, et al. Maternity & women's health nursing. 4th ed.Seoul: Hyunmoonsa;2017. p. 241–244.
4. Yeoum S. The investigation on the risk factors of cardiovascular disease for postmenopausal women over 50 years. Journal of Korean Society of Menopause. 2003; 9(3):266–272.
5. Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bezanson JL, Dolor RJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women-2011 update: A guideline from the American Heart Association. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011; 57(12):1404–1423. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820faaf8.
6. Ludt S, Wensing M, Szecsenyi J, Van Lieshout J, Rochon J, Freund T, et al. Predictors of health-related quality of life in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease European primary care. PloS One. 2011; 6(12):): e29334.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029334.
7. Statistics Korea. The lives of women looking to 2017 statistics [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;2017. [cited 2018 May 20]. Available from:. http://kostat.go.kr/wnsearch/search.jsp.
8. Ko HY, Lee JK, Shin JY, Jo E. Health-related quality of life and cardiovascular disease risk in Korean adults. Korean Journal of Family Medicine. 2015; 36(6):349–356. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2015.36.6.349.
9. Kim KA, Hwang SY. Impact of physical activity, central obesity and depression the quality of life according the presence of cardiovascular risk among menopausal middle-aged women: secondary data analysis. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing. 2017; 29(4):382–392. https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2017.29.4.382.
10. Kim KA, Hwang SY. Knowledge on cardiocerebrovascular disease and health behaviors among middle-aged postmenopausal women at risk. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing. 2016; 28(4):424–435. https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.4.424.
11. Park MK, Kim JH. Effects of a comprehensive lifestyle improvement program for middle-aged women with cardiocerebrovascular disease-related risk factors. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing. 2013; 24(2):111–122. https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2013.24.2.111.
12. Choi SK, Kim IS. Effects of a cardiocerebrovascular disease prevention education program for postmenopausal middle-aged women. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2015; 45(1):25–34. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.1.25.
13. Kim KA. Effects of a daily life-based physical activity enhancement program among middle-aged women at risk for cardiovascular disease [dissertation]. Seoul: Hanyang University;2018. p. 115. p.
14. Kim SJ. Incidence rate and risk factors of cardiocerebrovascular disease of middle-aged and elderly people [master's thesis]. Busan: Inje University;2016. p. 84. p.
15. Kim CG, Lee SH, Cha SK. Influencing factors on cardiocerebrovascular disease risk factors in young men: focusing on obesity indices. Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science. 2017; 19:1–10. https://doi.org/10.7586/jkbns.2017.19.1.1.
16. Hong S, Baewon H, Kim J, Mun S. Development of risk prediction model for cardiovascular disease among community-dwelling elderly. Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology. 2015; 5(1):37–46. https://doi.org/10.14257/AJMAHS.2015.02.02.
17. Choi JY, Choi SW. Comparison of the health behaviors according to income and education level among cardiocerebrovascular patients; based on KNHANES data of 2010–2011. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. 2014; 15(10):6223–6233. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2014.15.10.6223.
18. Park KJ, Lim GU, Hwangbo Y, Jhang WG. The impact of health behaviors and social strata on the prevalence of cardiocerebrovascular disease. Soonchunhyang Medical Science. 2011; 17(2):105–111.
19. Cho YR, Kim YC, Shin YS. Prediction model of construction safety accidents using decision tree technique. Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction. 2017; 17(3):295–303. https://doi.org/10.5345/JKIBC.2017.17.3.295.
20. Ministry of Health and Welfare, & Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2016: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHA NES VII-1) [Internet]. Seoul: Author;2017. [cited 2018 February 1]. Available from:. https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/knhanes/main.do.
21. Nam HS. South Korean time trade-off values for EQ-5D health states [Internet]. Seoul: Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2010. [cited 2018 February 1]. Available from:. http://www.cdc.go.kr/CDC/info/CdcKrInfo0301.jsp?menuIds=HOME001-MNU1154-MNU0005-MNU0037-MNU1380&cid=12449.
22. Huh MH. SPSS statistics classification analysis. Seoul: Data solution;2012. p. 194. p.
23. Crawford SL, Johannes CB. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1999; 84(6):1803–1812. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.6.5765–4.
24. Gaspard UJ, Gottal J-M, van den BrÛle FA. Postmenopausal changes of lipid and glucose metabolism: a review of their main aspects. Maturitas. 1995; 21(3):171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378–5122(95)00901-V.
25. Joo JK, Son JB, Jung JE, Kim SC, Lee KS. Differences of prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome according to menopausal status. The Journal of Korean Society of Menopause. 2012; 18(3):155–162. https://doi.org/10.6118/jksm.2012.18.3.155.
26. Brown CD, Higgins M, Donato KA, Rohde FC, Garrison R, Obarzanek E, et al. Body mass index and the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia. Obesity. 2000; 8(9):605–619. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2000.79.
27. Shin HM, Jee SH, Kim JH, Kim MR. The influence on cardiovascular mortality of the metabolic syndrome in Korean postmenopausal women. The Journal of Korean Society of Menopause. 2012; 18(1):6–14. https://doi.org/10.6118/jksm.2012.18.1.6.
28. Worrall Carter L, Ski C, Scruth E, Campbell M, Page K. Systematic review of cardiovascular disease in women: assessing the risk. Nursing & health sciences. 2011; 13(4):529–535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442–2018.2011.00645.x.
29. Oh MS, Jeong MH, Lee SH, Rhee JA, Choi JS, Park IH, et al. Impact of age on clinical outcomes in middle-aged Korean female patients with acute myocardial infarction – based on a cutoff age of 55 years. Korean Journal of Internal Medicine. 2016; 91(2):158–165. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2016.91.2.158.
Figure 1.
Middle-aged women who are disadvantaged to cardio-cerebrovascular disease in decision tree.
Table 1.
Characteristics in Subjects (N=1,627
Table 2.
Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease in Subjects (N=1,627)
Table 3.
Factors related to Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease (N=1,627
| Variables | Characteristics | Categories | Cardio-cerebrovascular disease | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | ||||
| Demographic | Education level | ≤Elementary school | 1.70 | 0.85∼3.38 | |
| Middle school | 1.02 | 0.51∼2.03 | |||
| High school | 1.09 | 0.65∼1.85 | |||
| ≥College | 1 | ||||
| Marital status | Single | 1 | 0.37∼6.83 | ||
| Married | 1.60 | ||||
| Economic activity | Yes | 0.81 | 0.53∼1.23 | ||
| No | 1 | ||||
| Stress | Rarely | 1 | 0.65∼2.42 | ||
| A little bit | 1.26 | 0.68∼3.15 | |||
| A lot | 1.47 | 0.39∼3.47 | |||
| Very much | 1.17 | ||||
| Quality of life | 0.73∗ | 0.59∼0.92 | |||
| Health behavior | Smoking | Yes | 0.83 | 0.37∼1.84 | |
| No | 1 | ||||
| Drinking | Yes | 0.87 | 0.51∼1.50 | ||
| No | 1 | ||||
| Moderate physical activity | Yes | 1 | 0.47∼2.92 | ||
| during work | No | 1.17 | |||
| Physical activity on the move | Yes | 1 | 0.75∼1.99 | ||
| No | 1.22 | ||||
| Moderate physical activity | Yes | 1 | 0.64∼1.76 | ||
| during leisure | No | 1.06 | |||
| Walking | 1.00 | 0.92∼1.09 | |||
| Clinical | Menopause | Yes | 3.21∗ | 1.95∼5.29 | |
| No | 1 | ||||
| Presence/absence of diabetes | Normal | 1 | 0.70∼1.90 | ||
| mellitus | Impaired fasting glucose | 1.16 | 1.36∼6.19 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.90∗∗ | ||||
| Hypercholesterolemia | Yes | 1.46 | 0.98∼2.17 | ||
| No | 1 | ||||
| Hypertriglyceridemia | Yes | 1.00 | 0.55∼1.81 | ||
| No | 1 | ||||
| Body mass index | 1.20∗ | 1.06∼1.37 | |||
| Waist circumference | 0.99 | 0.94∼1.04 | |||
| Glycated hemoglobin | 0.95 | 0.72∼1.24 | |||
| Family history | Hypertension | Yes | 3.68∗ | 2.32∼5.84 | |
| No | 1 | ||||
| Hyperlipidemia | Yes | 0.80 | 0.43∼1.50 | ||
| No | 1 | ||||
| Ischemic heart | Yes | 2.06 | 0.99∼4.29 | ||
| disease | No | 1 | |||
| Stroke | Yes | 1.50 | 0.94∼2.38 | ||
| No | 1 | ||||
XML Download