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Kim and Noh: Influence of Spousal Support on the Relationship between Acculturative Stress and Sense of Parenting Competence among Married Vietnamese Immigrant Women
Orginal Article

Korean J Women Health Nurs 2018;24(2):174-184.

Published online: 20 June 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2018.24.2.174

Influence of Spousal Support on the Relationship between Acculturative Stress and Sense of Parenting Competence among Married Vietnamese Immigrant Women

So Hee Kim, Yoon Goo Noh

Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea

Corresponding author: Noh, Yoon Goo Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon 51140, Korea. Tel: +82-55-213-3577, Fax: +82-55-213-3579, E-mail: ygnoh@hanmail.net

Received 19 March 201827 May 2018       Accepted 3 June 2018

Copyright © 2018 Korean Society of Women Health Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

To identify the effects of spousal support on the relationship between acculturative stress and sense of parenting competence among married Vietnamese immigrant women.

Methods

The sample for this study consisted of 175 married Vietnamese immigrant women in Gyeongsangnam-do. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlations, and hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 23.0.

Results

(a) sense of parenting competence was negatively correlated with acculturative stress, whereas a positive correlation was observed with spousal support; (b) spousal support mediated the relationship between acculturative stress and sense of parenting competence.

Conclusion

Results of the study suggest that spousal support decreases the negative effects of acculturative stress on sense of parenting competence. Therefore, we need to find ways to strengthen spousal support for married Vietnamese immigrant women.

Keywords: Acculturation, Social support, Spouse. Immigrants, Parenting

References

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Table 1.
Acculturative Stress, Spouse's Support, and Parenting Efficacy by General Characteristics (N=175
Characteristics Categories n (%) M±SD (Range) Acculturative stress Spouse's support PSOC
M±SD t or F (p)† M±SD t or F (p)† M±SD t or F (p)†
Age (year) 21∼25a 28 (16.0) 30.30±4.78 2.84±0.77 3.32 3.06±0.70 13.42 3.42±0.52 1.55
  26∼30b 69 (39.4) (21∼49) 2.73±0.68 (.021) 2.77±0.87 (＜.001) 3.57±0.56 (.204)
  31∼35c 61 (34.9)   2.73±0.64 d＞b, c 2.77±0.86 a＞b, c 3.49±0.57  
  ≥36d 17 (9.7)   3.03±0.73   2.97±0.71   3.48±0.61  
Education ≤6a 26 (15.0)   3.09±.063 2.76 2.81±0.80 0.29 3.35±0.50 2.45
(year) 7∼9b 46 (26.6)   2.81±0.67 (.044) 2.78±0.83 (.836) 3.38±0.58 (.066)
  10∼12c 81 (46.8)   2.66±0.65 a＞c, d 2.85±0.82   3.60±0.56  
  ≥Colleged 20 (11.6)   2.68±0.86   2.98±0.94   3.62±0.54  
Residence City 96 (54.9)   2.79±0.67 0.23 2.74±0.91 –1.78 3.53±0.54 0.40
  County 79 (45.1)   2.76±0.71 (.817) 2.96±0.71 (.077) 3.49±0.58 (.692)
Occupation Yes 98 (56.0)   2.79±0.62 0.32 2.78±0.82 –0.75 3.47±0.50 –0.79
  No 77 (44.0)   2.76±0.74 (.749) 2.88±0.84 (.452) 3.54±0.61 (.430)
Korean level Gooda 40 (22.9)   2.68±0.71 2.07 3.03±0.73 3.21 3.61±0.54 5.49
  Moderateb 99 (56.6)   2.74±0.70 (.129) 2.86±0.86 (.043) 3.57±0.56 (.005)
  Badc 36 (20.6)   2.97±0.59   2.56±0.79 a＞c 3.24±0.51 a, b＞c
Main language Vietnamesea 17 (9.7)   3.17±0.37 4.27 2.10±0.89 9.09 3.15±0.40 4.43
with child Koreanb 99 (56.6)   2.67±0.72 (.015) 2.99±0.76 (＜.001) 3.58±0.58 (.013)
  Bothc 59 (33.7)   2.83±0.66 a＞b 2.80±0.82 b, c＞a 3.50±0.53 b, c＞a
Family monthly ＜200 38 (21.7)   2.84±0.70 0.96 2.71±0.78 0.65 3.32±0.50 3.04
income 200∼300 98 (56.0)   2.71±0.65 (.386) 2.85±0.86 (.526) 3.58±0.58 (.050)
(10,000 won) ＞300 39 (22.3)   2.87±0.76   2.92±0.80   3.53±0.53 b＞a
Marriage period 1∼5a 66 (37.7) 6.97±3.39 2.69±0.72 0.86 2.97±0.78 4.55 3.52±0.54 0.98
(year) 6∼10b 86 (49.1) (1∼16) 2.83±0.64 (.425) 2.66±0.87 (.012) 3.47±0.54 (.377)
  ≥11c 23 (13.1)   2.80±0.74   3.13±0.68 c＞b 3.65±0.68  
First child age 1∼3 45 (25.7) 6.33±3.49 2.68±0.74 0.92 2.87±0.81 0.97 3.47±0.57 0.87
(year) 4∼6 46 (26.3) (1∼16) 2.72±0.64 (.433) 2.83±0.96 (.411) 3.49±0.50 (.460)
  7∼9 51 (29.1)   2.89±0.64   2.70±0.79   3.47±0.54  
  ≥10 33 (18.9)   2.80±0.74   3.01±0.72   3.65±0.65  
Household H & C 77 (44.0)   2.78±0.70 1.56 2.86±0.81 0.10 3.50±0.55 0.04
  H & C & P 88 (50.3)   2.73±0.68 (.213) 2.83±0.83 (.906) 3.52±0.59 (.957)
  F & N 10 (5.7)   3.13±0.59   2.74±1.01   3.47±0.39  
Consultant Husbanda 105 (60.0)   2.67±0.70 3.32 3.11±0.67 13.42 3.55±0.57 1.55
  Parentsb 32 (18.3)   3.06±0.62 (.021) 2.21±0.82 (＜.001) 3.40±0.55 (.204)
  F+Nc 15 (8.6)   2.99±0.47 b＞a 2.64±0.79 a＞b 3.31±0.42  
  Others 23 (13.1)   2.72±0.72   2.56±0.96   3.61±0.58  
Total   175 (100.0)              

PSOC=parenting sense of competence; H & C=husband and children; H & C & P=husband and child and parents-in law; F & N=friends and neighborhood

† Scheffé test.

Table 2.
Levels of Acculturative Stress, Spouse's Support, and Parenting Sense of Competence (N=175)
Variables Categories Range Min Max M±SD
Acculturative stress Discrimination 1∼5 1.00 4.50 2.46±0.83
  H & M 1∼5 1.10 4.50 3.03±0.69
  Anxiety 1∼5 1.00 5.00 2.30±0.95
  Regret 1∼5 1.00 5.00 2.55±0.92
  Anger 1∼5 1.00 5.00 3.06±0.93
  Concern for children 1∼5 1.00 5.00 3.27±1.20
  Total 1∼5 1.17 4.53 2.77±0.69
Spouse's support   1∼4 1.00 4.00 2.84±0.83
PSOC   1∼5 2.23 4.92 3.51±0.56

H & M=homesickness & maladjustment; PSOC=parenting sense of competence.

Table 3.
Relationships among Variables (N=175)
Variables Categories Acculturative stress Spouse's support
Discrimination H & M Anxiety Regret Anger Concern for children Total
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Acculturative Discrimination 1              
stress H & M .659 1            
    (＜.001)              
  Anxiety .662 .600 1          
    (＜.001) (＜.001)            
  Regret .542 .647 .681 1        
    (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)          
  Anger .575 .565 .665 .651 1      
    (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)        
  Concern for .397 .384 .311 .358 .377 1    
  children (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)      
  Total .835 .870 .826 .814 .794 .533 1  
    (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)    
Spouse's suppo ort –.342 –.236 –.200 –.316 –.206 –.078 –.302 1
    (＜.001) (.002) (.008) (＜.001) (.006) (.304) (＜.001)  
PSOC   –.355 –.200 –.324 –.377 –.247 –.197 –.348 .306
    (＜.001) (.008) (＜.001) (＜.001) (.001) (.009) (＜.001) (＜.001)

H & M=homesickness & maladjustment; PSOC=parenting sense of competence.

Table 4.
Factors Influencing on Parenting Sense of Competence
Variables　 Categories Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
β t (p) β t (p) β t (p)
Korean† Good .13 1.98 (.049) .16 1.67 (.097) .14 1.44 (.152)
  Moderate .11 2.14 (.034) .18 1.84 (.067) .16 1.69 (.091)
Main language‡ Korean .31 2.35 (.020) .20 1.58 (.116) .13 1.02 (.311)
  Both Vietnamese and Korean .25 1.98 (.050) .18 1.47 (.144) .13 1.02 (.310)
Acculturative stress       –.30 –4.05 (＜.001) –.25 3.41 (＜.001)
Spouse's support       .28 4.45 (＜.001) .18 2.35 (.020)
    R2=.10, R2=.18, R2=.21,
    Adjusted R2=.07, Adjusted R2=.15, Adjusted R2=.17
    F=3.22 (p=.005) F=5.37 (p＜.001) F=5.51 (p＜.001)

Dummy variable=

† Korean (bad=0)

‡ Main language (vietnamese=0).

Table 5.
Mediating effect of Spouse's Support on the Relationship between Acculturative Stress and Parenting Sense of Competence (N=175)
Variables B SE β (p) R2 Adj. R2 F (p) Z (p)
Step 1 Acculturative stress → Spouse's support –0.37 0.09 –.30 (＜.001) .09 .09 17.37 (＜.001)  
Step 2 Acculturative stress → PSOC –0.29 0.06 –.35 (＜.001) .12 .12 23.88 (＜.001) –2.42 (.015)
Step 3 Acculturative stress → PSOC –0.23 0.06 –.28 (＜.001) .17 .16 17.05 (＜.001)  
  Spouse's support → PSOC 0.15 0.05 .22 (.003)        

PSOC=parenting sense of competence.

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