A Concept Analysis of Labor Support

Miyoung Chae; Horan Park

doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2018.24.2.138

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Chae and Park: A Concept Analysis of Labor Support

Orginal Article

Korean J Women Health Nurs 2018;24(2):138-149.

Published online: 20 June 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2018.24.2.138

A Concept Analysis of Labor Support

Miyoung Chae¹, Horan Park^2,

¹Graduate School, Department of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

²College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Park, Horan College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2258-7406, Fax: +82-2-2258-7772, E-mail: hrpark@catholic.ac.kr

Received 19 March 20188 May 2018 Accepted 27 May 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

To identify and clarify the concept of labor support.

Methods

This study used Schwartz-Barcott & Kim's hybrid model to identify the main attributes and indicators. In the fieldwork stage, data were collected in Seoul and Chenmam, Korea. The participants were five nurses working in the delivery room and four women who delivered more than two children by vaginal delivery.

Results

The concept of labor support was found to have nine attributes and 23 indicators in two dimensions. For the physical intervention dimension, five attributes were derived. They were pain relief, selective use of technology, ambulation/positioning, physiological pushing, and increasing comfort. For the labor support practices dimension the attributeswereprovidinginformation, relief and encouragement, family support, and presence.

Conclusion

The concept analysis of labor support in this study could provide guidelines for ‘labor support' nursing practice and be useful for research in the women's health field.

Keywords: Delivery, Nursing care, Concept formation

References

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Figure 1.

Labor support concept analysis procedure.

Table 1.

Selected Papers in Theoretical Analysis Stage (N=12)

N	Author	Year	Title	Derived concept
1	Burgess A	2014	An evolutionary concept analysis of	Physical, emotional, informational, partner
			labor support	support
				Advocacy
				Presence
2	Barrett SJ &	2010	Factors associated with labor support	Encouraged to provide labor support birth
	Stark MA		behaviors of nurses	environment supports
3	Corbett CA &	2000	Nursing support during labor	Support during labor
	Callister LC			Reduce pain, be safe, and feel comfortable
				Giving encouragement
				Giving information
4	Sleutel MR	2002	Development and testing of the labor	Physical intervention
			support scale	Labor support practices
5	Rosen p	2004	Supporting women in labor: analysis of	The type of caregiver that is the best
			different types of care-givers	support person in labor beneficial effect
				on childbirth outcomes
6	Adams ED &	2008	A practical approach to labor support	Non-pharmacologic nursing strategies
	Bianchi AL			physical
				Emotional, informational support
				Advocacy
7	Sosa G, Crozier K &	2012	What is meant by one-to-one support	One to one support
	Robinson J		in labour: analysing the concept
8	Park G, Choi J,	2008	Effects of doula support in LDR on	Delivery support of Doula
	Lee J & Jean B		anxiety, labor pain, and perceived	Family support
			childbirth experience of primiparas	Reduce labor pain and anxiety
9	Hur MH	2001	Effects of one-to-one labor support on	One-to-one labor support decreasing labor
			labor pain labor stress response,	pain
			childbirth experience and neonatal	Increasing positive childbirth experience
			status for primipara
10	Lee YJ & Kim SH	2014	Influences of Husband's childbirth	Spouse-support
			experiences related to supports for	Increase positive childbirth experiences in
			their wives during childbirth and	husband
			attitudes toward childbirth presence
11	Lee SH & Lee MO	2013	Characteristics, motivation of choice	Comfortable and natural childbirth
			and childbirth experience of women	Satisfaction and trust to personal care
			who selected delivery at midwifery	Experience of baby and family centered
			clinic	childbirth
12	Kim KS	2011	The effects of aroma massage on stress	Pain, stress, anxiety relief during labor
			and anxiety during delivery	Aroma massage

Table 2.

The Characteristics of Participants (N=9)

Participant	Age	Education	Job position	Time in DR nursing	Delivery experience	Education on labor supportive care
1	38	Graduate school	Unit nurse	10 years	Yes	Yes
2	43	Graduate school	Unit nurse	15 years	No	Yes
3	50	Graduate school	RN	10 years	Yes	Yes
4	52	Graduate school	Unit nurse	12 years	Yes	Yes
5	38	Graduate school	RN	11 years	Yes	Yes
6	41	University	Citizen	NA	Yes	NA
7	40	University	Citizen	NA	Yes	NA
8	40	University	Citizen	NA	Yes	NA
9	37	Graduate school	Citizen	NA	Yes	NA

DR=delivery room; RN=registered nurse; NA=not applicable.

Table 3.

Dimensions, Attributes, Preceding Factors, and Consequences of Labor Support in Literature Review (N=12)

Dimension	Physical intervention	Labor support practices
Attributes	Ambulation/positioning	Emotional support
	Physiologic pushing	Comfort measures
	Selective use of technology	Information/advice
		Advocacy
		Partner support
		Presence
Preceding	Labor	Partner involvement
factors	Fear tension pain	Self perception
	Labor progress	Attitude
	Pain level
Affecting	Effectiveness of contractions	Knowledge of labor support
factor	Belief in abilities	Skillfulness in labor support care
	Self esteem	Effective caring attitude, distraction, competency, as well as spirituality
	Ability to cope with labor
Consequences	Decreases use of pain control drug	Mother's satisfaction with the birth experience
	Low cesarean section rates	Decrease postnatal depression
	Higher Apgar scores	Increased breast feeding

Table 4.

Dimensions, Attributes, Indicators of Labor Support in Field Work (N=9)

Dimension	Attributes	Indicators
Physical	Pain relief practice	Healing touch
intervention	(except medical treatment)	Position change
		Breathing
	Comfort enhancement practice	Comfort enhanced practice
		(hot pack, sheet & cloth change, ice chip provided,
		fanfare, play a music, control temperature & light)
Labor support	Provide information	Provide information
practices	Relief and encouragement	Feel the same way (sympathy)
		A word of encouragement
		Hand hold
		Eye contact
	Family support	Family's support
		Family upbringing (education)
		Family anxiety relief

Table 5.

Dimensions, Attributes, Indicators of Labor Support in Final Stage

Dimension	Attributes	Indicators
Physical intervention	Pain relief practice (except medical treatment)	Healing touch Massage Education breathing method and so on
	Selective use of technology	Intermittent use of fetal monitoring
	Ambulation/positioning	Position change (if possible) Ambulation (if possible)
	Physiologic pushing	Education pushing technique
	Comfort enhancement practice	Comfort measures Apply comfort enhanced practice (hot pack, sheet & cloth change, ice chip provided, fanfare, play a music, control temperature & light)
Labor support practices	Provide information Relief and encouragement	Provide information Feel the same way (sympathy) A word of encouragement Hand hold Eye contact
	Family support	Family's support Family upbringing (education) Family anxiety relief
	Presence	Not alone always

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