Subjective Health and Factors of Health-related Quality of Life in Elderly Haenyo

Myungah Chae; Jeung-Im Kim; Kyung Sook Choi; Ki-Hye Han

doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2018.24.2.105

Journal List > Korean J Women Health Nurs > v.24(2) > 1100166

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Chae, Kim, Choi, and Han: Subjective Health and Factors of Health-related Quality of Life in Elderly Haenyo

Orginal Article

Korean J Women Health Nurs 2018;24(2):105-115.

Published online: 20 June 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2018.24.2.105

Subjective Health and Factors of Health-related Quality of Life in Elderly Haenyo

Myungah Chae¹, Jeung-Im Kim^2,, Kyung Sook Choi¹, Ki-Hye Han¹

¹College of Redcross Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea

²School of Nursing, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea

Corresponding author: Kim, Jeung-im School of Nursing, Soonchunhyang University, 31 Soonchunhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Chonan 31151, Korea. Tel: +82-41-570-2493, Fax: +82-41-570-2498, E-mail: jeungim@sch.ac.kr, kim.ji.women@gmail.com

Received 20 February 20187 March 2018 Accepted 17 April 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the subjective health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Haenyo.

Methods

Subjects were 100 elderly Haenyo in Jeju island who belonged to a fishing-village society. Main variables were activities of daily living(ADL), instrumental ADL(IADL), the HRQoL, subjective health, and depression. Subjective health and differences of HRQoL by variables were analyzed by t-test or ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Hierarchical multiple regression was executed to examine the effects of the major factors on the quality of life.

Results

The mean age was 69.9 years, the mean period for diving career was 51.5 years, and work hours per month were 37.8. Comorbidity of diseases was 2.74, and the common health problems were osteoporosis and headache/dizziness. HRQoL was significantly different by age(F=4.52, p=.013), education(F=6.10, p=.003), muljil work years(F=3.93, p=.050), depression(t=-3.04, p=.030), subjective health state(F=30.62, p<.01), and degenerative arthritis(F=-2.38, p=.019). In the final model by hierarchical multiple regression, ADL/IADL (β=.41, p<.001), depression (β=-.29, p<.001), and subjective health (β=.43∼.51, p<.001) were significant and explained 63.5% of the total variance of HRQoL.

Conclusion

Haenyo have specific health problems different from those of elderly women in general. ADL/IADL, depression and subjective health affected their HRQoL. It is clear that Haenyos' health problems need further study to improve their health.

Keywords: Aged, Women, working, Diving, Diagnostic self-evaluation, Quality of life

References

1. Intangible cultural heritage. Culture of Jeju Haenyeo (women divers) [Internet]. Geneva: Author;2014. [cited 2016 January 07]. Available from:. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/culture-of-jeju-haenyeo-women-divers-01068#identificationNominationfileNo.01068.

2. Haenyo Museum. A review of the Korean woman diver in Jeju [internet]. Jeju: Author;2016. [cited 2018 Jan 23]. Available from:. http://www.jeju.go.kr/haenyeo/haenyeo/statistics.htm.

3. Statistics Korea. Statistics for the elderly 2014 [Internet]. Daejeon: Author;2015. [cited 2016 January 07]. Available from:. https://meta.narastat.kr/metasvc/index.do?confmNo=117071&inputYear=2014.

4. Lee HH, Kang K, Kwon M, Kwon J, Lee JY. P-44 physiological implications and life styles of Korean female divers, Haenyeo: A questionnaire study. Symposium on Human-Environment System. 2014; 38:241–244.

5. Lee JY, Lee HH, Kim S, Jang YJ, Baek YJ, Kang KY. Diving bradycardia of elderly Korean women divers, Haenyeo, in cold seawater: A field report. Industrial Health. 2016; 54:183–190. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015–0043.

6. Koh HW, Cho SH, Yang YH, Kim CY. Effect of a fact-finding survey on general characteristics of shell-fishing work and farm work, musculo-skeletal pain and depression on quality of life in Jeju women diver. Asia-Pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities and Sociology. 2015; 5(4):235–250. https://doi.org/10.14257/AJMAHS.2015.08.17.

7. Choi JC, Lee JS, Kang SY, Kang JH, Bae JM. Chronic daily headache with analgesics overuse in professional women breath-hold divers. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2008; 48:1037–1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526–4610.2007.01017.x.

8. Park KE, Kwon MH, Kwon YE. Correlation among depression, death anxiety, and quality of life of aged women. Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing. 2013; 27(3):527–538. https://doi.org/10.5932/JKPHN.2013.27.3.527.

9. Group The EuroQol. EuroQol-a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health policy. 1990; 16(3):199–208.

10. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G∗Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods. 2009; 41(4):1149–1160.

11. Katz S, Amasa B, Ford MD, Roland W, Moskowitz MD, Jackson BA, et al. Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: a standardized measure of biologic and psychologic function. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1963; 185(12):914–919. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016.

12. Won CW, Yang KY, Rho YG, Kim SY, Lee EJ, Yang JL, et al. The development of Korean Activities of Daily Living (K-ADL) and Korean Instrumental ADL (K-IADL) Scale. Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society. 2002; 6(2):107–120.

13. Kang SJ, Choi SH, Lee BH, Kwon JC, Na DL, Han SH. Korean Dementia Research Group. The reliability and validity of the Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL). Journal of the Korean Neurological Association. 2002; 20(1):8–14.

14. Nam HS, Kim GY, Kwon SS, Ko KW, Kind P. A study on the estimation of EQ-5D survey tools in Korea. 2007 KCDC.

15. Lee YH, Choi JS, Rhee JA, Ryu SY, Shin MH, Kim JH. A study on the application of the Korea valuation weight for EuroQoL-5 dimension. Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion. 2009; 26(1):1–13.

16. Cho MJ, Nam JJ, Suh GH. Prevalence of symptoms of depression in a nationwide sample of Korean adults. Psychiatry Research. 1998; 81(3):341–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165–1781(98)00122-X.

17. Lee JC, Park JA, Bae NK, Cho YC. Factors related to depressive symptoms among the elderly in urban and rural areas. Journal of Agricultural Medicine & Community Health. 2008; 33(2):204–220. https://doi.org/10.5393/JAMCH.2008.33.2.204.

18. Farmer MM, Ferraro KF. Distress and perceived health: Mechanisms of health decline. Journal of Health and Social behavior. 1997; 38(3):298–311. https://doi.org/10.2307/2955372.

19. Oak JW. Review on quality of life scales in nursing science. The Korea Contents Association Review. 2012; 10(2):31–36.

20. National Health Insurance Service. Statistical Yearbook [Internet]. Seoul: Author;2016. [cited 2017 July 21]. Available from:. http://www.nhis.or.kr/menu/boardRetriveMenuSet.xx?menuId=F3323#.

21. Hwang HS, Bae JM, Hwang SW, Park HK, Kim IY. Effects of breath-hold diving on bone mineral density of women divers. Joint Bone Spine. 2006; 73:419–423. https://doi.org/:10.1016/j.jbspin.2005.07.005.

22. Lim HW, Chae SW. The current state of aged-related hearing loss in South Korea. Journal of the Korean Medical Association. 2011; 54(9):910–917. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2011.54.9.910.

23. Kang JK. Lifestyle disease. Journal of the Korean Medical Association. 2004; 47(3):188–194. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2004.47.3.188.

24. Koh BS, Yoo YS. A study on the social support and quality of life for the elderly in Jeju. Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare. 2002; 18(0):49–72. http://210.101.116.28/W_files/kiss6/46300317_pv.pdf.

25. Kim SK. A study for raising the quality of the rural old aged men's lives. Journal of Welfare for the Aged. 2004; 23:179–202.

26. Kim HR. Predicting factors for health related quality of life among older adults at senior centers in Korea. Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing. 2014; 16(2):95–106. https://jkgn.2014.16.2.95.

27. Jeon SN, Shin HG. Effect of social support on QoL of widowed elderly women: Mediation effect of physical-cognitive function and self-efficacy. Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society. 2014; 34(1):87–101.

28. Lee CI, Hong SC. The prevalence and related factors of depressive symptoms among the elderly in rural areas of Jeju Island. Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002; 6(2):97–109.

29. Kim H, Park SM, Jang SN, Kwon S. Depressive symptoms, chronic medical illness, and health care utilization: findings from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). International Psychogeriatrics. 2011; 23(08):1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610211000123.

30. Lee JY, Park JH, Kim SY. Cold adaptation, aging, and Korean women divers haenyeo. Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2017; 36:33–46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-017–0146–6.

Table 1.

Overall Responses on Muljil Work and Health Status in Haenyo (N=100)

Variables	Categories	n (%)	M±SD
Age (year)			69.9±4.84
Subjective health	Healthy	23 (23.0)
	Moderate	54 (54.0)
	Unhealthy	23 (23.0)
Duration of Muljil work (year)	≤51	53 (53.0)	51.5±8.00
	＞51	47 (47.0)
Muljil hour (month)	≤30	21 (21.0)	37.79±12.30
	31∼40	64 (64.0)
	≥41	15 (15.0)
Number of hyperbaric oxygen therapy	None	29 (29.0)	6.02±9.76
	1∼5	39 (39.0)
	≥6	32 (32.0)
Comorbidity	Hypertension	31 (31.0)	2.74±1.25
	Diabetes	5 (5.0)
	Degenerative arthritis	36 (36.0)
	Hyperlipidemia	28 (28.0)
	Deafness	45 (45.0)
	Headache/dizziness	63 (63.0)
ADL			7.06±0.60
IADL			10.10±1.10
Depression (CES-D)	Depressive (≥12)	28 (28.0)	9.61±3.39
	Undepressive (≤11)	72 (72.0)
Grip strength			20.14±3.71
HRQoL (EQ-5D index)			0.89±0.11

ADL=activities of daily living; IADL=instrumental activities of daily living; CES-D=the center for epidemiological studies-depression; HRQoL=health related quality of life; EQ-5D index=Euro quality of life-5 dimensions index.

Table 2.

Differences in HRQoL by Socio-demographic Characteristics (N=100)

Variables	Categories	M±SD	t or F	p	Scheffé or Games-Howell^†
Age (year)	65∼69 (n=54)^a 70∼79 (n=44)^b	0.92±0.09 0.85±0.14	4.52	.013	a, c＞b
	≥80 (n=2)^c	0.93±0.05
Education	Uneducated (n=46)^a Elementary (n=50)^b Middle (n=4)^c	0.85±0.14 0.92±0.07 0.98±0.09	6.10	.003	b＞a^†
Marriage state	Single (n=52)	0.88±0.10	0.47	.494
	Marriage (n=48)	0.90±0.12
Cohabitant	Alone (n=33)	0.86±0.11	1.31	.275
	Spouse (n=46)	0.89±0.12
	Children (n=19)	0.92±0.07
	Grandchildren (n=2)	0.93±0.09
Average monthly income	＜300 (n=16)	0.87±0.08	1.38	.247
(10,000 won)	300∼500 (n=31)	0.86±0.13
	500∼700 (n=29)	0.92±0.07
	700∼1,000 (n=11)	0.89±0.20
	≥1,000 (n=13)	0.90±0.86
Subjective economic state	High (n=2)	0.90±0.04	2.93	.058
	Moderate (n=52)	0.91±0.11
	Low (n=46)	0.86±0.11
Duration of muljil work	≤51	0.91±0.08	3.93	.050
(year)	＞51	0.87±0.14

HRQoL=health related quality of life.

Table 3.

Differences in HRQoL by Health related Characteristics (N=100)

Variables	Categories	M±SD	t or F	p	Games-Howell
Depression (CES-D)	Depressive (≥12)	0.84±0.11	–3.04	.030
	Undepressive (≤11)	0.91±0.11
Subjective health	Healthy (n=23)^a Moderate (n=54)^b Unhealthy (n=23)^c	0.95±0.06 0.91±0.07 0.77±0.14	30.62	＜.01	a, b＞c
Hypertension	Yes (n=31)	0.87±0.14	–1.47	.144
	No	0.90±0.10
Diabetes	Yes (n=5)	0.88±0.11	–0.29	.777
	No	0.89±0.11
Degenerative arthritis	Yes (n=36)	0.85±0.13	–2.38	.019
	No	0.91±0.10
Hyperlipidemia	Yes (n=28)	0.88±0.12	–0.79	.433
	No	0.89±0.10
Deafness	Yes (n=45)	0.88±0.12	–0.91	.364
	No	0.90±0.10
Headache/dizziness	Yes (n=63)	0.89±0.09	0.67	.502
	No	0.88±0.14
Osteoporosis	Yes (n=65)	0.89±0.10	–0.44	.658
	No	0.90±0.13

Post hoc=Games-Howell; HRQoL=health related quality of life; CES-D=the center for epidemiological studies-depression.

Table 4.

Correlations among ADL/ IADL, Grip strength, Depression, Muljil Work, and HRQoL (N=100)

Variables	ADL/IADL	Grip strength	Depression	Muljil work	HRQoL
	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
ADL/IADL	1
Grip strength	–.011 (.913)	1
Depression	.012 (.909)	–.364 (＜.001)	1
Muljil work	–.044 (.662)	–.183 (.069)	.252 (.011)	1
HRQoL	–.495 (＜.001)	.243 (.015)	–.476 (＜.001)	–.207 (.039)	1

ADL=activities of daily living, IADL=instrumental activities daily living, HRQoL=health related quality of life.

Table 5.

Hierarchical Multiple Regression for HRQoL (N=100)

Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	β (p)	β (p)	β (p)
Age (year)	–.10 (.374)	–.08 (.554)	.09 (.914)
Education (elementary=1)	.27 (.013)	.27 (.022)	.04 (.648)
Education (middle=1)	.21 (.039)	.20 (.054)	.04 (.579)
Muljil work year		–.03 (.835)	–.10 (.299)
Monthly muljil work (hrs)		.05 (.612)	.04 (.674)
Number of hyperbaric oxygen therapy		–.05 (.637)	.64 (.526)
ADL/IADL			.41 (＜.001)
Depression			–.29 (＜.001)
Subjective health (healthy=1)			.43 (＜.001)
Subjective health (moderate=1)			.51 (＜.001)
Degenerative arthritis			–.06 (.373)
F (p)	4.70 (.004)	2.38 (.035)	13.94 (＜.001)
R²	.128	.133	.635
Adjusted R²	.101	.077	.590

ADL=activities of daily living; IADL=instrumental activities daily living; HRQoL=health related quality of life.

TOOLS

Similar articles