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Abstract
Background:
Autoantibodies have been detected in patients with psychiatric disorders. However, there is no standard test for the detection of these autoantibodies. In this study, we analyzed autoimmune target (AIT) test results in patients with psychiatric disorders and investigated the clinical utility of the AIT test for psychiatric disorders.
Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed data from patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorders between August 1995 and May 2015. Of these, 100 patients assessed using the AIT test were enrolled in this study. Data regarding positive rates, immunofluorescent patterns of AIT results, and the presence of autoimmune diseases in patients with psychiatric disorders were retrospectively collected and analyzed.
Results:
The autoantibody-positive rate was high in patients with psychiatric disorders (70.0%, 70/100). The positive rates in patients with schizophrenia, depressive disorders, bipolar and related disorders, adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders, and others were 82.9%, 64.7%, 88.9%, 57.1%, 66.7%, and 53.8%, respectively. The most frequent pattern of immunofluorescence was a speckled pattern in 30 cases, followed by microtubule organizing center with microtubule (MTOC-MT) in 17 cases. Twenty-one patients were diagnosed with autoimmune diseases.
Conclusions:
In this study, the incidence of autoantibodies was high in patients with psychiatric disorders not specific to schizophrenia. This suggests that the AIT test may therefore have the potential to be a screening test for psychiatric disorders. Further, additional AIT tests in patients with psychiatric disorders may help to clarify the relationships between psychiatric disorders and autoimmune disease.
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Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of patients with psychiatric disorders
| Age (Mean±SD) | Sex M/F (N) | |
|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia | 41.3±12.0 | 10/25 |
| Depressive disorders | 46.6±14.0 | 2/15 |
| BD | 43.7±9.9 | 5/4 |
| AD | 43.9±26.0 | 2/5 |
| Anxiety disorders | 32.5±5.2 | 3/3 |
| Alcohol-related disorders | 42.0±10.2 | 3/3 |
| Somatic symptom and related disorders | 45.8±18.1 | 1/5 |
| NCD | 72.5±4.2 | 2/2 |
| PTSD | 48.3±12.3 | 0/3 |
| DD | 53.3±14.7 | 0/3 |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | 13.5±2.5 | 2/0 |
| OCD | 11.0±0.0 | 1/0 |
| Unspecified∗ | 44.0±0.0 | 1/0 |
| Total | 43.4±16.0 | 32/68 |
Table 2.
Positive rates of the AIT test in patients with psychiatric disorders
| Cases | Positive | Positive rate | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N) | (N) | (%) | |
| Schizophrenia | 35 | 29 | 82.9 |
| Depressive disorders | 17 | 11 | 64.7 |
| BD | 9 | 8 | 88.9 |
| AD | 7 | 4 | 57.1 |
| Anxiety disorders | 6 | 4 | 66.7 |
| Alcohol-related disorders | 6 | 3 | 50.0 |
| Somatic symptom and related disorders | 6 | 2 | 33.3 |
| NCD | 4 | 2 | 50.0 |
| PTSD | 3 | 2 | 66.7 |
| DD | 3 | 3 | 100.0 |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | 2 | 2 | 100.0 |
| OCD | 1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Unspecified∗ | 1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Total | 100 | 70 | 70 |
∗ Unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. Abbreviations: AIT test, autoimmune target test; BD, bipolar and related disorders; AD, adjustment disorders; NCD, neurocognitive disorder; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; DD, dissociative disorders; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Table 3.
Numbers of patterns in patients with psychiatric disorders
| 1 pattern | 2 patterns | 3 patterns | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Schizophrenia | 23 (79.3) | 6 (20.7) | 0 |
| Depressive disorders | 6 (54.5) | 5 (45.5) | 0 |
| BD | 5 (62.5) | 2 (25.0) | 1 (12.5) |
| AD | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | 0 |
| Anxiety disorders | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 |
| Alcohol-related disorders | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 0 |
| Somatic symptom and related disorders | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 |
| NCD | 2 (100.0) | 0 | 0 |
| PTSD | 2 (100.0) | 0 | 0 |
| DD | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 0 |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 |
| OCD | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Unspecified∗ | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total (%) | 50 (71.4) | 19 (27.2) | 1 (1.4) |
Table 4.
Distribution of immunofluorescent patterns of AIT test in patients with psychiatric disorders
Abbreviations: AIT test, autoimmune target test; MTOC-MT, microtubule organizing center with microtubule; SP, speckled; IF, intermediate filament; C, cytoplasmic; H, homogeneous; DG, diffuse granular; CCG, cytoplasmic coarse granular; MSA, mitotic spindle apparatus; DSP, discrete speckled; No, nucleolar; GiM, granules in macrophage.
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