PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Introduction
Despite numerous efforts for early detection and development of various treatment modalities, lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide1. Although, epidemiologic data showed an increasing trend for 5-year survival rate of lung cancer in Korea, 88,655 patients died from lung cancer during period of 2008 to 20122. During last decades, great progress was made in the diagnosis and management of lung cancer, especially in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Notably, molecular-targeted therapy including epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors has improved the survival of those harboring driving mutations3. Recently adopted immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed death-l or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have improved survival in selected or unselected populations, and have expanded the lung cancer treatment options456. However, acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs is unavoidable with median progression free survival of 10 months7, and platinum-based chemotherapy is still a standard treatment in advanced NSCLC, especially for patients without driving mutations or low PD-L1 expression8.
Drugs which are recommended as partners in platinum-based chemotherapy regimens for first-line treatment of NSCLC include pemetrexed, gemcitabine, docetaxel, and paclitaxel9. Pemetrexed is a multi-targeted antifolate drug that inhibits enzymes including thymidylate synthase, and dihydrofolate reductase that are involved in purine and pyrimidine synthesis10. In a pivotal phase 3 trial, the pemetrexed/cisplatin combination showed better efficacy in lung adenocarcinoma compared to the gemcitabine/cisplatin combination11. In addition, the safety profile was better in patients treated with pemetrexed/cisplatin with less grade 3 or 4 toxicity compared with the gemcitabine/cisplatin group. Two subsequent studies conducted using the same design for Chinese and East Asian populations showed similar efficacy and safety profiles1213. In addition, pemetrexed showed better efficacy when used in a maintenance regimen after four cycles of pemetrexed/cisplatin combination compared to placebo without worsening quality of life1415. Based on those studies, the pemetrexed/cisplatin combination has become the preferred first-line treatment regimen in patients with nonsquamous NSCLC, and the current guideline recommends pemetrexed continuation maintenance therapy in those whose disease has not progressed after first-line pemetrexed/platinum chemotherapy8.
However, previous studies that proved the clinical benefit of this maintenance strategy enrolled patients regardless of the presence of driving mutations. Thus, no conclusions could be drawn about the difference response or efficacy according to patients' mutational status1516. It is important to prove the effiefficacy of pemetrexed continuation maintenance chemotherapy for patients without driving mutations, as this maintenance strategy is currently utilized only in those patients in real-world practice. Moreover, the efficacy of pemetrexed-containing chemotherapy according to EGFR mutational status is still controversial1718.
Thus, we conducted this study to investigate whether pemetrexed continuation maintenance chemotherapy is more beneficial comparing conventional platinum-based chemotherapy without maintenance therapy in lung adenocarcinoma patients not harboring the EGFR mutation.
Materials and methods
1. Study subjects
We retrospectively screened NSCLC patients who received platinum-based doublet first-line chemotherapy at Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, a secondary referral hospital located in Busan, South Korea, from January 2010 to July 2015. Patients who were treated due to locally advanced or metastatic lung adenocarcinoma without EGFR mutation were included. EGFR mutation was tested by pyrosequencing using EGFR Pyro Kit (QIAGEN Korea Ltd., Seoul, Korea). Patients who received concurrent chemoradiation or platinum doublet combined with bevacizumab, or who received a single chemotherapeutic agent, or received less than four cycles of first-line chemotherapy were excluded. We divided our population into pemetrexed continuation maintenance group and conventional treatment group; the former was defined as patients who did not show progression after four cycles of pemetrexed/cisplatin treatment and received pemetrexed continuation maintenance chemotherapy according to guideline8, and the latter was defined as those who received at least four-cycled platinum doublet without maintenance chemotherapy as a first-line treatment. Only the patients who showed non-progressive disease in the response evaluation after four cycles of chemotherapy were allocated to the conventional treatment group. Informed consents were obtained from all patients alive and the study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (D-1705-014-002).
2. Data collection
To obtain demographic information and clinical data, we reviewed the electronic medical records. Baseline characteristics including age, sex, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, smoking status, stage, number of metastatic organs, presence of brain metastasis, tumor differentiation, and regimens used for each line of chemotherapy. Clinical stage was determined using chest computed tomography (CT), brain magnetic resonance imaging, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography based on the seventh lung cancer TNM classification and staging system19. Response to treatment was examined by CT every two cycles and evaluated according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.12021.
3. Statistical analyses
Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS version 20.0 software for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from the day of response evaluation after four cycles of chemotherapy to disease progression or death from any cause. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from the first day of chemotherapy to death from any cause. Associations between categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test. Associations between clinicopathological parameters and survival were evaluated by univariate analysis using the log-rank test. Subsequently, multivariate Cox's proportional hazard regression was conducted with adjustment for parameters with p-values <0.3 in the univariate analysis. Survival probability was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
1. Patient characteristics
During the study period, 584 patients received chemotherapy for NSCLC at our institution. Of these, 171 received platinum-based doublet first-line chemotherapy due to locally advanced or metastatic EGFR-negative lung adenocarcinoma. After excluding patients who met the predefined exclusion criteria, 114 were eligible for this study.
The clinicopathological characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. All subjects were Korean. Their median age was 66 years (range, 32–79 years). 79 patients (69%) were male and 55 patients (48%) were over 65 years of age. 76 patients (67%) were current or former smokers. 95 patients (83%) had ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. 104 patients (91%) were in stage IV and 78 patients (69%) had well-differentiated cancer. Forty-two patients (37%) had metastases at more than three organs and 44 patients (39%) had brain metastasis. Tests for ALK translocation including immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed in 54 patients (47 %) among whom nine patients (16%) were positive for ALK translocation.
Out of 114 patients, 41 were treated with pemetrexed maintenance chemotherapy and 73 received conventional platinum-based chemotherapy as a first-line treatment. In the maintenance group, the median numbers of cycles of maintenance chemotherapy were 4 (range, 1–25). The regimens used for first-line chemotherapy in the conventional treatment group were pemetrexed/platinum (n=41, 56%), gemcitabine/platinum (n=16, 22%), paclitaxel/platinum (n=9, 12%), and docetaxel/platinum (n=7, 10%). The numbers of patients who received four-, five-, and six-cycled first-line chemotherapy in the conventional treatment group were, 27, 16, and 30, respectively. Of all patients, 82 patients (72%) received second-line or further treatment. Second-line treatment regimens were pemetrexed (n=14, 17%), gemcitabine (n=15, 18%), taxens (n=11, 13%), vinorelbine (n=10, 12%), erlotinib (n=12, 15%), and gefitinib (n=14, 17%). Forty-one patients (50%) received the third-line treatment with gemcitabine (n=6, 15%), vinorelbine (n=13, 32%), pemetrexed (n=9, 22%), taxens (n=7, 17%), or gefitinib (n=6, 16%). There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups in terms of clinicopathological characteristics or proportion of patients who received second-line or further treatment (Table 1).
2. PFS according to different treatment
Survival analyses results according to the clinicopathological parameters are summarized in Table 2. The median PFS for the overall population was 3.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4–3.7 months). Univariate analysis showed that metastases in less than three organs (4.3 months vs. 2.9 months, p=0.039) and absence of KRAS mutation (4.1 months vs. 2.4 months, p=0.042) were significantly associated with better PFS. In addition, median PFS of the maintenance chemotherapy group was significantly higher compared with conventional chemotherapy group (5.8 months vs. 2.2 months, p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, less advanced stage (hazard ratio [HR], 0.81; 95% CI, 0.64–0.97) and treatment with pemetrexed maintenance (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.15–0.87) were significantly associated with better PFS. Kaplan-Meier survival curves also showed that patients treated with pemetrexed maintenance chemotherapy were likely to have better survival in terms of PFS (Figure 1A).
3. OS according to different treatment
The median OS for all study subjects was 17.1 months (95% CI, 14.8–19.2 months). Univariate analysis revealed that female gender, young age, and no smoking history showed a trend to association with better OS, and good performance status (21.6 months vs. 16.9 months, p=0.003), less advanced stage (19.1 months vs. 13.2 months, p=0.041), and receiving second-line treatment (20.5 months vs. 15.1 months, p=0.049) were significantly associated with better OS. Treatment with pemetrexed maintenance chemotherapy showed trend of association with longer OS (22.3 months vs. 16.1 months, p=0.098). Multivariate analysis showed that female gender (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.23–0.87), good performance status (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.24–0.91) and less advanced stage (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.35–0.89) were significantly associated with better OS. Kaplan-Meier survival curves also showed that patients treated with pemetrexed maintenance chemotherapy were likely to have longer OS, although it was not statistically significant (Figure 1B).
Discussion
The current data demonstrate that pemetrexed continuation maintenance chemotherapy is significantly associated with better clinical outcome in EGFR-negative lung adenocarcinoma compared with conventional platinum-based doublet chemotherapy as a first-line treatment. The PFS benefit was significant even after adjusting for several clinical variables. In addition, pemetrexed maintenance treatment showed a trend associated with better OS, although not statistically significant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the superiority of pemetrexed continuation maintenance strategy over conventional four- or six-cycled platinum-based approach in patients with EGFR wild-type lung adenocarcinoma.
Maintenance chemotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the management of advanced NSCLC patients21. The main purpose of this approach is to improve survival by prolonging tumor response by administrating well-tolerated drug in patients who have not progressed during first-line or induction treatments. Several regimens are recommended for continuation or switch maintenance chemotherapy in NSCLC2223. However, pemetrexed continuation maintenance is only regimen covered by the National Health Insurance Service of Korea as a continuation maintenance chemotherapy. The clinical benefit of pemetrexed continuation maintenance chemotherapy was first demonstrated in a small phase 2 trial comparing pemetrexed versus placebo after first-line chemotherapy24. A subsequent landmark phase 3 trial (PARAMOUNT) showed clinical efficacy of this maintenance strategy after four cycles of pemetrexed/cisplatin regarding both PFS (4.1 months vs. 2.8 months; HR, 0.62; p<0.0001) and OS (13.9 months vs. 11.0 months; HR, 0.78; p=0.0195)1525. The quality of life during maintenance therapy was not different in both treatment groups, except for an increased loss of appetite and a delayed worsening of pain and hemoptysis in the maintenance treatment group14. As pemetrexed-containing chemotherapy is no longer recommended as a first-line treatment for NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutation, a re-evaluation is necessary to determine whether pemetrexed maintenance chemotherapy is clinically beneficial when applied to patients without EGFR mutations.
Although there has been no direct evidence that pemetrexed continuation maintenance is effective even in EGFR wild-type NSCLC patients, we could expect positive results based on the previous studies. In the phase 2 trial by Mubarak et al.24, which first demonstrated a clinical efficacy of this treatment strategy, 94% were Caucasian, 68% were male, and 60% were smokers. Similarly, in the phase 3 PARAMOUNT trial, 96% of study subjects were Caucasian, 58% were male, and 79% were smokers15. As Caucasians, males, and smokers are generally more likely not to have EGFR mutation, we can speculate that most of population in those trials was EGFR wild-type.
The prognostic impact of EGFR mutation status in the pemetrexed-containing treatment in NSCLC seems to be debatable. Jiang et al.26 reported significant better overall response rate and median PFS in the EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma patients receiving first-line pemetrexed/platinum combinations compared to those without EGFR mutation. In contrast, Park et al.17 recently demonstrated the significant association of the EGFR mutation with poor PFS in nonsquamous NSCLC patients treated with first-line pemetrexed-containing chemotherapy. In our study, the median OS for pemetrexed maintenance was 22.3 months which is much longer than those of previous trials. The median OS in the PARAMOUNT trial and the aforementioned phase 2 trial were 13.9 and 15.4 months, respectively1524. Although, we cannot exactly explain the reason for the survival differences between our data and those from previous studies, the better survival in our study could be attributed to the relatively high proportion of patients who received subsequent treatment in the maintenance group (70%), less use of EGER-TKIs in second-line treatment (20%), and the exclusion of EGFR-positive patients.
Of note, receiving second-line treatment or not, and which regimen is used for second-line treatment can influence the survival in advanced NSCLC patients. Pemetrexed has been one of the recommended drugs for those progressed after first-line platinum-doublet chemotherapy, based on the data from a phase III study demonstrating clinical benefit of pemetrexed in terms of PFS (2.9 months) and 1-year survival rate (29.7%) as a second-line treatment for advanced NSCLC27. Yoh et al.28 recently reported that the median OS was significantly lower in NSCLC patient treated only with maintenance chemotherapy compared with those received timely second-line treatment after maintenance chemotherapy. In addition, they demonstrated that median OS of patients treated with conventional first-line chemotherapy without maintenance and with timely second-line treatment was similar to the OS of those who received maintenance therapy without subsequent treatment (17.7 months and 13.1 months, respectively)28. In addition, a recent meta-analysis showed that treatment with EGFR-TKIs was associated with inferior efficacy when used in the second-line therapy for those without EGFR mutations29. In our study, 70% of patients in maintenance group received second-line or further treatment, which is relatively higher compared with that of PARAMOUNT study (58%)25. Moreover, EGFR-TKIs were less frequently used for second-line treatment after maintenance therapy in our study compared to the previous trial (20% vs. 31%)25. Although the clinical impact of EGFR-TKIs after progression in the pemetrexed continuation maintenance treatment has not been evaluated, out data indirectly suggest the EGFR-TKI may be disadvantageous as a subsequent treatment in this maintenance setting. Whether EGFR mutation is a negative predictive factor in the pemetrexed maintenance chemotherapy and which treatment regimen is the most beneficial after progression of this maintenance strategy need to be investigated.
We must note some limitations in this study. First, this study was performed retrospectively in a single institution and included a relatively small sample size. Second, the biomarkers that might be associated with response to pemetrexed including thymidylate synthase were not evaluated simultaneously. Third, the ALK translocation test was performed only in a portion of the population, thus the possible influence of this driving rearrangement on the clinical outcome could not be excluded. Although conflicting data exist, several studies have suggested that ALK rearrangement may be associated with better clinical outcome for those treated with pemetrexed-based chemotherapy than wild-type for ALK1730. Fourth, treatment-related quality of life and side effects according to different treatment strategy were not investigated. However, the strength of this study is in that we demonstrate the clinical efficacy of pemetrexed maintenance chemotherapy reflecting current real-world clinical practice.
In conclusion, the present data showed the survival benefit of pemetrexed continuation maintenance chemotherapy over conventional four- or six-cycle chemotherapy in patients with EGFR wild-type lung adenocarcinoma. Our study confirmed the previous results deduced from several pivotal studies which included non-selective patients, and indicates the clinical utility of maintenance treatment using pemetrexed in real-world practice. Large scale, prospective studies including EGFR/ALK dual-negative population and analyzing predictive value of candidate biomarkers will provide more practical information about this treatment strategy for the lung cancer management.
XML Download