Study of Variation of Internal Taget Volume between 4DCT and Slow-CT in Respiratory Patterns Using Respiratory Motion Phantom

Soon Sung Lee; Sang Hyoun Choi; Chul Kee Min; Young Hoon Ji; Mi-Sook Kim; Hyoung Jun Yoo; Chan Hyeong Kim; Kum Bae Kim

doi:10.14316/pmp.2014.25.1.53

Journal List > Prog Med Phys > v.25(1) > 1098460

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Lee, Choi, Min, Ji, Kim, Yoo, Kim, and Kim: Study of Variation of Internal Taget Volume between 4DCT and Slow-CT in Respiratory Patterns Using Respiratory Motion Phantom

Original Article

Progress in Medical Physics 2014;25(1):53-63.

Published online: 17 March 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14316/pmp.2014.25.1.53

Study of Variation of Internal Taget Volume between 4DCT and Slow-CT in Respiratory Patterns Using Respiratory Motion Phantom

Soon Sung Lee^∗,^†, Sang Hyoun Choi^†,^‡,^§, Chul Kee Min^∥, Young Hoon Ji^∗,^†, Mi-Sook Kim^∗,^†,^‡, Hyoung Jun Yoo^†, Chan Hyeong Kim^§, Kum Bae Kim^∗,^†,^‡,

^∗Radiological Cancer Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea

^†Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea

^†Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea

^§Departement of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea

^∥SoonChunHyang University Cheonan Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cheonan, Korea

Correspondence: Kum Bae Kim (kbkim@kirams.re.kr) Tel: 82-2-970-2475, Fax: 82-2-970-2412

Received 5 March 2014 Accepted 16 March 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The objective of this study is to investigate the difference of ITV lengths and ITVs between 4DCT and Slow-CT images according to respiratory patterns using a respiratory motion phantom. The respiratory periods 1∼4 s and target motion 1∼3 cm were applied on each respiratory pattern. 4DCT and Slow-CT images were acquired for 3 times. 4DCT and Slow-CT ITVs were measured with contouring the target in the Eclipse RTP system. The measured ITV lenghts and ITVs in 4DCT and Slow-CT images were compared to the known values. For the ITV lengths and ITVs in the 4DCT, the difference of them were reduced as the respiratory period is longer and target motion is shorter. For the Slow-CT, there was same tendency with change in 4DCT ITV lengths and ITVs about target motion. However, the difference of ITV lengths and ITVs for the respiratory periods were the lowest in respiratory period 1 second and different slightly within respiratory period 2-4 seconds. According to the respiratory patterns, pattern A had the highest reproducibility. Pattern B, C and D were showed the difference similar to each other. However, for pattern E, the reproducibility was the lowest compared with other four patterns. The difference of ITV lengths and ITVs between Slow-CT and 4DCT was increased by increasing the respiratory periods and target motion for all respiratory patterns. When the difference of Slow-CT ITV lengths and ITVs were compared with that of 4DCT ITV lengths and ITVs, Slow-CT ITV lengths and ITVs were approximately 22 % smaller than 4DCT, and the representations of target were different in each pattern. In case of pattern A, B and C, length difference was 3 mm at S (superior) and I (inferior) direction, and the length difference of pattern D was 1.45 cm at only “I” direction whereas the length difference of pattern E was 5 mm longer in “S” direction than “I” direction. Therefore, the margin in SI directions should be determined by considering the respiratory patterns when the margin of Slow-CT is compensated for 4DCT ITV lengths. Afterward, we think that the result of this study will be useful to analyze the ITV lengths and ITVs from the CT images on the basis of the patient respiratory signals.

Keywords: 4DCT, Slow-CT, Respiratory patterns, Respiratory motion phantom, ITV

REFERENCES

1. Heck B, Jess-Hempen A, Kreiner HJ, Schopgens H, Mack A. Accuracy and stability of positioning in radiosurgery: Long term results of the Gamma Knife system. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 34:1487–1495. 2007.

2. Ryu SI, Chang SD, Kim DH, Murphy MJ, Le QT, Martin DP, et al. Image-guided hypo-fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery to spinal lesions. Neurosurgery. 49(4):838–846. 2001.

3. Teh BS, Paulino AC, Lu HH, et al. Versatility of the Novalis System to deliver Image-Guided Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy(SBRT) for Various Anatomical Sites. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment. 6(4):347–354. 2007.

4. Keall PJ, Mageras GS, Balter JM, et al. The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology: report of AAPM Task Group 76. 2006.

5. Keall PJ, Starkschall G, Shukla H, et al. Acquiring 4D thoracic CT scans using a multislice helical method. Phys Med Biol. 49(10):2053–2067. 2004.

6. Lagerwaard F, John R, Koste Van Sornsen De, et al. Multiple “Slow” CT Scans for Incorporating Lung Tumor Mobility in Radiotherapy Planning. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys. 51(4):932–937. 2001.

7. 김수산, 하성환, 최은경, 이병용. 전산화단층촬영 주사시간 (Scan Time)이 폐종양운동의 재현성에 미치는 영향 분석. 대한 방사선종양학회지. 22(1):55–63. 2004.

8. Nakamura M, Narita Y, Matsuo Y, et al. Geometrical differences in target volumes between Slow-CT and 4D CT imaging in stereotactic body radiotherapy for lung tumors in the upper and middle lobe. Med Phys. 35(9):4142–4128. 2008.

9. Clements N, Kron T, Franich R, et al. The effect of irregular breathing patterns on internal target volumes in four-dimensional CT and cone-beam CT images in the context of stereotactic lung radiotherapy. Med Phys. 40(2):): 021904;. 1–10. 2013.

10. Benedict SH, Yenice KM, Followill D, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy: The report of AAPM Task Group 101. Med Phys. 37(8):4078–4101. 2010.

11. Dalah EZ, Nisbet A, Bradley D. Effect of window level on target volume delineation in treatment planning. Appl Radiat Isotopes p1-3. 2009.

Fig. 1.

QUASAR^TM Programmable Respiratory Motion Phantom (left) and RPM Respiratory Gating system (right).

Fig. 2.

Definition of ITV length and ITV.

Fig. 3.

Distribution of patient respiratory patterns.

Fig. 4.

Computed respiratory patterns. (a) sinusoidal pattern, (b) inspiration shorter than expiration, (c) inspiration longer than expiration, (d) inspiration shorter than expiration followed by rest period, (e) inhaling gradually after inhaling rapidly. The “Insp” means for inspiration and the “Exp” means for expiration.

Fig. 5.

Plot (a)-(d) illustrate the change in ITV length for 4DCT, and plot (e)-(h) illustrate the change in ITV for 4DCT. In (a)-(d) table, the horizontal line at 0 mm and 100% represent no change from known ITV length and ITV.

Fig. 6.

Plot (a)-(d) illustrate the change in ITV length for Slow-CT, and plot (e)-(h) illustrate the change in ITV for Slow-CT. In (a)-(d) table, the horizontal line at 0 mm and 100% represent no change from known ITV length and ITV.

Fig. 7.

Plot (a) shows 4DCT images according to respiratory patterns at respiratory period 3 seconds and target motion 3 cm. Plot (b) shows Slow-CT images according to respiratory patterns at respiratory period 3 seconds and target motion 3 cm, respectively.

Fig. 8.

The window level are －500, －600, －700 from left, respectively. Plot (a), (b) are images of pattern A and E at target motion 3 cm, respiratory period 3 seconds.

Table 1.

Theoretical value of ITV length and ITV.

	Target motion (cm)
	1	2	3
Known ITV length (cm)	4	5	6
Known ITV (cm³)	21.21	28.28	35.35

Table 2.

The difference of ITV length and ITV between Slow-CT and 4DCT according to respiratory patterns, respiratory period and target motion. The “()” means the positive values and the other means that negative values.

RP		1 s		2 s		3 s		4 s
TM	Pattern	Diff ITV length (%)	Diff ITV (%)	Diff ITV length (%)	Diff ITV (%)	Diff ITV length (%)	Diff ITV (%)	Diff ITV length (%)	Diff ITV (%)
1 cm	A	0.83	(0.90)	8.83	15.85	8.89	17.33	13.02	19.37
	B	0.68	5.69	8.39	13.78	13.83	18.75	12.56	18.79
	C	0.00	(0.67)	8.48	11.79	12.06	17.59	10.73	19.16
	D	(0.20)	0.00	11.17	15.67	9.34	18.57	14.48	23.09
	E	0.21	2.66	3.45	11.80	4.91	16.96	10.36	19.21
2 cm	A	0.79	0.79	10.90	19.61	14.38	24.91	12.84	26.37
	B	(2.03)	(1.57)	8.30	17.77	15.13	25.61	13.81	26.46
	C	7.91	5.58	3.62	20.17	21.55	25.95	21.50	29.06
	D	(7.92)	(1.51)	19.05	24.85	17.09	28.51	21.72	30.67
	E	9.19	10.89	9.02	18.46	15.83	24.34	19.99	29.10
3 cm	A	1.29	1.51	13.18	20.76	15.81	27.91	15.75	30.28
	B	4.12	7.51	14.50	26.38	17.97	32.05	20.18	33.91
	C	4.80	9.61	13.49	26.77	18.86	31.77	23.51	35.55
	D	6.05	7.72	14.88	26.15	28.18	42.26	20.92	35.68
	E	8.09	8.74	16.39	26.64	18.30	30.63	26.07	37.24

RP: Respiratory periods, TM: Target motion.

Table 3.

Measured Slow-CT different length for 4DCT at SI directions when respiratory period is 3 seconds and target motion is 3 cm. In the table, the “S” means for superior direction and the “I” means for inferior direction.

Pattern	A		B		C		D		E
Direction	S	I	S	I	S	I	S	I	S	I
Length (cm)	－0.59	－0.29	－0.30	－0.53	－0.45	－0.49	0.00	－1.45	－0.72	－0.22
Error (cm)	±0.01	±0.01	±0.01	±0.01	±0.01	±0.05	±0.00	±0.07	±0.12	±0.01

TOOLS

Similar articles