Journal List > Korean J Healthc Assoc Infect Control Prev > v.21(2) > 1098362

Kim, Jeong, and Choi: Analysis of Characteristics and Risk Factors of Surgical Site Infection after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

Abstract

Background

The purpose of this study was to examine surgical site infection (SSI) characteristics and risk factors in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted, involving patients undergoing CABG surgery at a tertiary care hospital in Seoul, between January 2010 and December 2013. This study adopted the SSI definition proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and only infections at the sternotomy site were included. Multivariate risk analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for CABG SSI.

Results

Out of 998 CABG patients, 3.9% (39) cases of SSI were identified. In multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus (OR=2.016, 95% CI=0.994-4.089), increased body mass index (BMI) (OR=4.555, 95% CI=1.748-11.871), red blood cell (RBC) transfusion (OR=1.106, 95% CI=1.021-1.197), and undergoing cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery (OR=2.790, 95% CI=1.239-6.286) were significantly associated with CABG SSI.

Conclusion

Diabetes mellitus, increased BMI, RBC transfusion, and undergoing cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery are independent risk factors for CABG SSI.

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Table 1.
Characteristics of surgical site infections after coronary artery bypass graft
Characteristics N (%)
Type of surgical site infection
 Superficial 4 (10.3)
 Deep incisional 9 (23.1)
 Mediastinitis 26 (66.7)
Duration from operation to SSI (day)
 ≤5 1 (2.6)
 6-10 4 (10.3)
 11-20 10 (25.6)
 21-30 14 (35.9)
 31-60 8 (20.5)
 ≥60* 2 (5.1)
 Mean±SD (median) 31.0±43.9 (23)
Causative organisms
 Coagulase negative staphylococci 22 (56.4)
 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. aureus 7 (18.0)
Acinetobacter baumannii 4 (10.3)
Candida albicans 3 (7.7)
Corynebacterium spp. 2 (5.1)
Enterococcus faecalis 1 (2.6)

* The duration of two surgical site infection cases were 75 and 285 days.

Table 2.
Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with surgical site infection (SSI)
Variables Total N (%), Mean±SD
P-value Odds ratio 95% CI
SSI (n=39) No SSI (n=959)
Gender
Male 766 (76.8) 31 (79.5) 735 (96.0) 1
Female 232 (23.2) 8 (20.5) 224 (23.4) .680 0.847 0.384-1.869
Age (years) 64.2±9.2 65.8±9.7 64.2±9.2 .275 1.020 0.984-1.058
Current smoking
No 446 (44.7) 12 (30.8) 434 (45.3) 1
Yes 552 (55.3) 27 (69.2) 525 (54.7) 0.079 1.860 0.931-3.715
Diabetes mellitus
No 530 (53.1) 13 (33.3) 517 (53.9) 1
Yes 468 (46.9) 26 (66.7) 442 (46.1) .014 2.339 1.188-4.607
Alcohol drinking
No 561 (56.2) 22 (56.4) 539 (56.2) 1
Yes 437 (43.8) 17 (43.6) 420 (43.8) .980 1.008 0.529-1.923
Hypertension
No 384 (38.5) 15 (38.5) 369 (38.5) 1
Yes 614 (61.5) 24 (61.5) 590 (61.5) .998 0.999 0.517-1.930
Body Mass Index
≤24.9 603 (60.4) 20 (51.3) 583 (60.8) 1
25.0-29.9 348 (38.5) 13 (33.3) 335 (34.9) .734 1.131 0.556-2.303
≥30.0 47 (4.7) 6 (15.4) 41 (4.3) .003 4.266 1.624-11.205
ASA class score
1 5 (0.5) 1 (2.5) 4 (0.4) 1
2 323 (32.4) 9 (23.1) 314 (32.7) .077 0.127 0.013-1.245
3 624 (62.5) 26 (66.7) 598 (62.4) .116 0.167 0.018-1.551
4 46 (4.6) 3 (7.7) 43 (4.5) .314 0.279 0.023-3.347
Total bilirubin (preoperative) (mg/dl)
≤0.2 31 (3.1) 1 (2.6) 30 (3.1) 1
0.2-1.2 915 (91.7) 36 (92.3) 879 (91.7) .842 1.229 0.163-9.263
≥1.3 52 (5.2) 2 (5.1) 50 (5.2) .884 1.200 0.104-13.806
White blood cell (preoperative) (×103/μl)
<5.0 152 (15.2) 4 (10.3) 148 (15.4) 1
5.0-10.0 773 (77.5) 29 (74.3) 744 (77.6) .498 1.442 0.500-4.163
≥10.0 73 (7.3) 6 (15.4) 67 (7.0) .070 3.313 0.905-12.129
Preoperative length of stay (day) 6.2±7.2 6.3±4.8 6.1±7.3 .822 1.004 0.968-1.042
Duration of operation (min) 241.5±61.5 237.9±73.0 241.5±61.0 .713 0.999 0.994-1.004
Emergency operation
No 935 (93.7) 38 (97.4) 897 (93.5) 1
Yes 63 (6.3) 1 (2.6) 62 (6.5) .345 2.627 0.355-19.450
IMA (internal mammary artery)
No 18 (1.8) 0.0 18 (2.0) 1
Single 916 (91.8) 34 (87.1) 882 (91.8) .291 1.684 0.640-4.431
Bilateral 64 (6.4) 5 (12.9) 59 (6.2) .104 0.446 0.168-1.182
CPB (cardio-pulmonary bypass)
No 959 (96.0) 30 (77.0) 929 (76.9) 1
Yes 39 (3.9) 9 (23.0) 30 (3.1) .007 2.933 1.349-6.373
Postoperative bleeding control
No 943 (94.5) 36 (92.3) 907 (94.6) 1
Yes 55 (5.5) 3 (7.7) 52 (5.4) .545 1.461 0.205-2.308
RBC transfusion in operating room (pint)
No 456 (45.7) 14 (35.9) 442 (46.1) 1
1-2 350 (35.0) 13 (33.3) 337 (35.1) .615 1.218 0.565-2.625
3-4 160 (16.0) 9 (23.1) 151 (15.7) .148 1.882 0.798-4.436
≥5 32 (3.2) 3 (7.7) 29 (3.0) .075 3.266 0.888-12.012
RBC transfusion in ICU (pint)
No 511 (51.2) 150 (38.5) 361 (37.6) 1
1-2 471 (47.2) 17 (43.6) 454 (47.3) .901 0.436 0.138-1.376
3-4 105 (10.5) 3 (7.7) 102 (10.6) .591 0.393 0.126-1.222
>5 46 (4.6) 4 (10.3) 42 (4.4) .157 0.309 0.066-1.440
Total transfusion amount (pint) 2.7±3.5 2.7±1.1 2.4±0.9 .008 1.109 1.027-1.198

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologist; RBC, red blood cell; ICU, intensive care unit.

Table 3.
Multivariate analysis of risk factors for surgical site infections after coronary artery bypass graft
Variables P-value Odds ratio 95% CI
Current smoking 0.052 2.016 0.994-4.089
Diabetes mellitus 0.037 2.080 1.043-4.145
Body Mass Index =30 kg/m* 0.002 4.555 1.748-11.871
RBC transfusion amount 0.013 1.106 1.021-1.197
Use of cardio-pulmonary bypass 0.013 2.790 1.239-6.286

* Reference <30 kg/m;

By 1 unit increments.

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

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