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Seo, Pak, Nam, Seok, Lee, Kim, Lee, Kim, and Kim: Effect of rs3910105 in the Synuclein Gene on Dopamine Transporter Availability in Healthy Subjects
Original Article
Medical Imaging

Yonsei Medical Journal 2018; 59(6): 787-792.

Published online: 4 July 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2018.59.6.787

Effect of rs3910105 in the Synuclein Gene on Dopamine Transporter Availability in Healthy Subjects

Youngduk Seo1, Kyoungjune Pak2, Hyun-Yeol Nam3, Ju Won Seok4, Myung Jun Lee5, Eun-Joo Kim5, Jae Meen Lee6, Seong Jang Kim7, In Joo Kim2

1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Busan Seongso Hospital, Busan, Korea.

2Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.

3Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea.

4Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

5Department of Neurology and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.

6Department of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.

7Department of Nuclear Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.

Co-corresponding author: Kyoungjune Pak, MD, PhD, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea. Tel: 82-51-240-7389, Fax: 82-51-240-7442, ilikechopin@me.com

Co-corresponding author: Ju Won Seok, MD, PhD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea. Tel: 82-2-860-3015, Fax: 82-2-860-3616, ethmoid@daum.net

Received 23 February 2018       Revised 1 June 2018       Accepted 15 June 2018

© Copyright: Yonsei University College of Medicine 2018

Yonsei University College of Medicine

(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The present study investigated associations between dopamine transporter (DAT) availability and α-synuclein levels in cerebrospinal fluid, as well as synuclein gene (SNCA) transcripts, and the effect of single nucleotide polymorphism of SNCA on DAT availability in healthy subjects.

Materials and Methods

The study population comprised healthy controls who underwent 123I-FP-CIT single-photon emission computed tomography screening. Five SNCA probes were used to target the boundaries of exon 3 and exon 4 (SNCA-E3E4), transcripts with a long 3′UTR region (SNCA-3UTR-1, SNCA-3UTR-2), transcripts that skip exon 5 (SNCA-E4E6), and the rare short transcript isoforms that comprise exons 1–4 (SNCA-007).

Results

In total, 123 healthy subjects (male 75, female 48) were included in this study. DAT availability in the caudate nucleus (p=0.0661) and putamen (p=0.0739) tended to differ according to rs3910105 genotype. In post-hoc analysis, DAT availability in the putamen was lower in subjects of TT genotype than those of CC/CT (p=0.0317). DAT availability in the caudate nucleus also showed a trend similar to that in the putamen (p=0.0597). Subjects of CT genotype with rs3910105 showed negative correlations with DAT availability in the putamen with SNCA-E3E4 (p=0.037, rho=−0.277), and SNCA-E4E6 (p=0.042, rho=−0.270), but not those of CC/TT genotypes.

Conclusion

This is the first study to investigate the association of rs3910105 in SNCA with DAT availability. rs3910105 had an effect on DAT availability, and the correlation between DAT availability and SNCA transcripts were significant in CT genotypes of rs3910105.

Keywords: Dopamine plasma membrane transport proteins, synucleins, genotype, single-photon emission computed tomography, biomarkers

INTRODUCTION

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease.1 It is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and the presence of intraneuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, known as Lewy bodies, which are aggregates of α-synuclein.1 To detect the loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD, dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging has been employed with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET).2 DAT is a sodium chloride-dependent transmembrane protein on the presynaptic dopaminergic nerve terminal, and controls dopamine levels by active reuptake from the synaptic cleft.345 DAT imaging allows quantifying of the dopaminergic system in the human brain6 and in vivo demonstration of striatal dopamine activity.5 As 123I-FP-CIT shows a higher affinity for striatal DAT density,3 it is one of the most widely used radiotracers in evaluating neurodegenerative disease.78
α-synuclein, a small, natively unfolded protein in presynaptic axon terminals91011 plays a role in regulation of dopamine biosynthesis and terminating dopamine neurotransmission by altering DAT-mediated uptake of synaptic dopamine.1213 Aggregates of α-synuclein protein are a neuropathological hall-mark of PD.1415 Many previous efforts have attempted to determine the usefulness of α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), synuclein gene (SNCA), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as biomarkers for PD. Mean CSF α-synuclein levels are significantly lower in patients with typical PD, and may be a biomarker for PD diagnosis.16
SNCA is selectively expressed in blood cells and neurons.1017 Previous studies have evaluated alternative SNCA transcripts from blood as specific biomarkers for PD development. However, until now, the roles of SNCA transcripts are not well understood. Previous studies have reported a positive correlation between DAT imaging and SNCA transcripts in PD.1819 In the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), five SNCA transcripts, transcript with boundaries of exon 3 and exon 4 (SNCA-E3E4), transcripts with a long 3′UTR region (SNCA-3UTR-1, SNCA-3UTR-2), transcripts that skip exon 5 (SNCA-E4E6), and rare short transcript isoforms that comprise exons 1–4 (SNCA-007), were counted to evaluate their ability as specific biomarkers for PD. In genome-wide association study, several SNPs in SNCA were associated with PD.20 However, the effect of SNP in SNCA was not investigated.
In this regard, we hypothesized that α-synuclein levels in CSF, SNCA, and SNP of SNCA might have an effect on DAT availability in healthy subjects. Therefore, we investigated the association between DAT availability measured from 123I-FP-CIT SPECT and α-synuclein levels in CSF, as well as SNCA transcripts from venous blood, and the effect of SNP of SNCA on DAT availability in healthy subjects using the PPMI database.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subjects

Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the PPMI database (www.ppmi-info.org/data). For up-to-date information on the study, visit www.ppmi-info.org.21 The study population consisted of healthy controls who underwent 123IFP-CIT SPECT screening. According to PPMI criteria of healthy subjects, males or females with an age of 30 years or older at screening were included, and subjects with a neurological disorder, a first degree relative with idiopathic PD, Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of 26 or less, medications that might interfere with DAT SPECT scans, anticoagulants that might preclude safe completion of the lumbar puncture, or investigational drugs, and a condition that precludes the safe performance of routine lumbar puncture were excluded. Subjects without CSF α-synuclein, RNA synuclein, and genotyping were excluded. Medical history, CSF, RNA synuclein counts, and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT scans were downloaded. The PPMI study was approved by the local Institutional Review Boards of all participating sites (Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Los Angeles, Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Clinical Trials Coordination Center, Laboratory of Neurogenetics; National Institute on Aging NIH, Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Clinical Trials Statistical and Data Management Center, University of Iowa), and written informed consent was obtained from each subject at the time of enrollment for imaging data and clinical questionnaires. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.

123I-FP-CIT SPECT and image analysis

123I-FP-CIT SPECT was performed during the screening visit for all subjects. SPECT scans were acquired 4±0.5 hrs after injection of 111–185 MBq of 123I-FP-CIT. Subjects were pretreated with iodine solution or perchlorate prior to injection to block thyroid uptake. Raw data were acquired into a 128×128 matrix stepping every 3 or 4 degrees for the total projections. Raw projection data were reconstructed using iterative ordered subset expectation maximization with HERMES (Hermes Medical Solutions, Stockholm, Sweden). The reconstructed images were transferred to pmod (PMOD Technologies LLC, Zürich, Switzerland) for subsequent processing, including attenuation correction.
Downloaded scans were loaded using pmod v3.6 (PMOD Technologies LLC) with a 123I-FP-CIT template.22 Specific binding of 123I-FP-CIT regarding DAT was calculated using a region of interest analysis. A standard set of volumes of interest (VOIs) defining the caudate nucleus and putamen based on the Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) atlas23 was defined. The cerebellum was chosen as a reference region. VOI template was applied to measure specific binding ratios (SBRs) of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and striatum as follows: SBR=(target-cerebellum)/cerebellum. As semi-automatic software (pmod v3.6, PMOD Technologies LLC) with predefined AAL atlas was used to analyze SPECT scans, inter- and intra-observer variation might be negligible.

Synuclein

α-synuclein in CSF was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Covance Research Products Inc., Denver, PA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples were run in duplicate, and data used for this study met quality control measures for technical performance. Venous blood was collected from each subject in PAXgene tubes (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA), incubated at room temperature for 24 hours, and frozen and shipped on dry ice to Coriell. RNA was extracted following the PAXgene procedure. Probes for the target and control RNAs were multiplexed and assayed on the nCounter Digital Analyzer (NanoString Technologies, Inc.). Five SNCA probes were used to target the boundaries of exon 3 and exon 4 (SNCA-E3E4), transcripts with a long 3′UTR region (SNCA-3UTR-1, SNCA-3UTR-2), transcripts that skip exon 5 (SNCA-E4E6), and the rare short transcript isoforms that comprise exons 1–4 (SNCA-007). Transcript counts were assayed in human blood in a high-precision NanoString gene expression assay that directly measures RNA counts in total RNA without bias from reverse transcription into cDNA. No template controls containing water substituted for template were included. To control for plate-to-plate variation and drift, equal amounts of RNA derived from Human Universal Reference RNA (Agilent Technologies) were spotted at the beginning, end, and throughout the entire experiment.

Genotyping-rs3910105

All samples were genotyped using Illumina NeuroX array following the manufacturer's protocol (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The Genotyping Analysis Module within Genome Studio version 1.9.4 was used to analyze data. The genotype frequencies for SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (>0.05), and minor allele frequency was more than 0.05.

Statistical analysis

Normality was examined using D'Agostino-Pearson omnibus test. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare three subgroups of SNPs. Post-hoc analysis was done to compare two subgroups of SNPs using Mann-Whitney test. Spearman correlation was used to investigate the relationship between DAT availability and synuclein. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 7 for Mac OS X (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), and MedCalc software package (ver. 12.6.0.0, MedCalc, Mariakerke, Belgium).

RESULTS

Subject characteristics according to rs3910105

In total, 123 healthy subjects (male 75, female 48) were included in this study. rs3910105 was in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, and the minor allele frequency was 0.47. According to genotyping of rs3910105, 30 subjects were of CC genotype, 57 of CT, and 36 of TT. rs3910105 did not show any effect on CSF α-synuclein (p=0.8026), and RNA synuclein (SNCA-007, p=0.1137; SNCA-3UTR-1, p=0.8894; SNCA-3UTR-2, p=0.7179; SNCA-E3E4, p=0.2826; SNCA-E4E6, p=0.4110) (Table 1). However, DAT availability in the caudate nucleus (p=0.0661) and putamen (p=0.0739) tended to differ according to rs3910105 genotype. In post-hoc analysis, DAT availability in the putamen was lower in subjects of TT genotype than those of CC/CT (p=0.0317). DAT availability in the caudate nucleus tended to be similar with that in the putamen (p=0.0597) (Fig. 1).

Correlation between DAT availability and synuclein

The correlation between DAT availability and synuclein was not significant in 123 subjects. However, after dividing subjects into 3 groups according to rs3910105, those with CT genotype of rs3910105 showed negative correlations of DAT availabilities of putamen with SNCA-E3E4 (p=0.037, rho=−0.277), and SNCA-E4E6 (p=0.042, rho=−0.270) (Fig. 2). In addition, SNCA-3UTR-1 (p=0.084, rho=−0.231), and SNCA-3UTR-2 (p=0.091, rho=−0.226) also showed the trend toward negative correlation with DAT availability of putamen in those with CT genotype (Table 2). However, in subjects with CC and TT genotypes did not show the meaningful association between DAT availability and synuclein.

DISCUSSION

In this study, rs3910105 appeared to effect DAT availability in the striatum. In subjects with CT genotype, higher DAT availability in the striatum and significant correlations with SNCA transcripts (SNCA-E3E4, SNCA-E4E6) were noted.
rs3910105, a SNP of SNCA, is a significant predictor of change in β-amyloid 1–42 (Aβ42), which has been shown to be relevant in PD neurodegeneration.24 However, rs3910105 shows a relatively subtle association with temporal Lewy body counts in the brain, and it seems to play a limited role in the degree to which Lewy body pathology progresses.25 Additionally, rs3910105 was not shown to be associated with cognitive decline in untreated PD patients.26 Still, the role of rs3910105 in PD, as well as healthy subjects, has remained unclear. In this study, SNCA transcripts showed a significant correlation with DAT availability in subjects of CT genotype, not in those of CC or TT. Until now, as this is the first study to report the effect of rs3910105 and a correlation between SNCA transcripts and DAT availability, the underlying mechanism of this association is not clear.
Previous studies have reported the effects of genotypes on DAT availabilities. CC genotypes with rs5443 of the G-protein β3 subunit gene showed higher DAT availability measured by 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT than other genotypes.27 The effect of a variable number tandem repeat of SLC6A3 on DAT availability is well-known.2829 In addition, the effect of rs53576 of oxytocin receptor gene was also reported, and genetic variation in the common downstream signaling molecule of dopamine autoreceptors may affect the dysregulation of the striatal dopamine system.2730 As aggregations of α-synuclein are considered to be a central factor in the development of Lewy bodies in PD119 and as the expressions of SNCA transcripts in healthy subjects were higher than those in PD,31 we hypothesized that SNCA transcripts are correlated positively with DAT availability. However, contrary to our expectations, the correlation between SNCA transcripts and DAT availability was significant, although negatively in subjects with CT genotype of rs3910105. α-synuclein consists of three domains with a N-terminal lipidbinding α-helix, amyloid-binding central domain, and C-terminal acidic tail,3233 which has a function in suppression of apoptosis, regulation of glucose, modulation of calmodulin activity, chaperone activity, and regulation of dopamine biosynthesis.32 Although the role of the majority of SNCA transcripts remains unknown, SNCA-3UTR is associated with the accumulation of long transcripts;34 SNCA-E4E6 leads to shortening of α-synuclein C-terminal.17 In addition, reduced SNCA transcripts, especially SNCA-3UTR and SNCA-E4E6, might have a clinical role as potential predictors of cognitive decline in PD.31 In addition, Gao, et al.18 reported a positive correlation between SNCA transcripts and cerebral vesicular monoamine transporter 2 binding measured from 18F-AV133 PET in PD. However, 8 patients were included in this study, and PD patients were not categorized according to genotypes of SNP of SNCA.
This is the first study to report the effect of rs3910105 on DAT availability in the striatum and correlations between SNCA transcripts and DAT availability. However, there are several limitations in this study. Until now, as there are no previous studies regarding rs3910105 and SNCA transcripts, we could not explain the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon. Secondly, although we included as many as 133 healthy subjects, we could not evaluate the reproducibility of our results using other databases. Further studies with a prospective design and basic research might be needed to clarify the association between SNCA transcripts and DAT availability.
In conclusion, this is the first study to investigate the association of rs3910105 of SNCA with DAT availability measured from 123I-FP-CIT SPECT. rs3910105 had an effect on DAT availability, and the correlation between DAT availability and SNCA transcripts were significant in CT genotypes of rs3910105.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PPMI-a public-private partnership-is funded by the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research and funding partners, including abbVie, Avid, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, COVANCE, GE Healthcare, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Lilly, Merck, MesoScaleDiscovery, Pfizer, Piramal, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Servier, TEVA, and UCB.
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (2017R1D1A1B03029352/2017R1D1A1B03033235/2018R1C1B5030638). The funding source had no role in the collection of the data or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Notes

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

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Fig. 1

Post-hoc analysis of dopamine transporter availability in the caudate nucleus (p=0.0597) and putamen (p=0.0317) according to genotypes of rs3910105.

ymj-59-787-g001
Fig. 2

Correlation between dopamine transporter availability of putamen in subjects with CT genotype of rs3910105 and (A) SNCA-E3E4 (p=0.037, rho=−0.277) and (B) SNCA-E4E6 (p=0.042, rho=−0.270).

ymj-59-787-g002
Table 1

Subject Characteristics according to Genotype of rs3910105

ymj-59-787-i001
Variables rs3910105 p value
CC (n=30) CT (n=57) TT (n=36)
Age (yrs) 62.8±11.9 57.6±12.2 63.0±10.9 0.1262
Sex (male/female) 17/13 34/23 24/12 0.6817
BMI (kg/m2) 26.5±4.2 27.3±4.6 25.9±3.5 0.1878
CSF α-synuclein (pg/mL) 2181.3±910.9 2100.1±1014.0 2083.8±942.3 0.8026
RNA synuclein (counts)
 SNCA-007 16.8±9.0 21.9±14.3 24.2±14.2 0.1137
 SNCA-3UTR-1 1998.3±1008.9 2049.6±1328.1 2113.1±1194.6 0.8894
 SNCA-3UTR-2 596.6±301.7 614.5±396.1 652.3±378.6 0.7179
 SNCA-E3E4 11730.7±5378.6 13315.3±6622.7 14822.4±7104.2 0.2826
 SNCA-E4E6 2583.3±1211.6 2947.8±1513.7 3235.4±1722.7 0.4110
DAT availability
 Caudate nucleus 1.6±0.4 1.7±0.4 1.6±0.4 0.0661
 Putamen 2.1±0.4 2.1±0.4 1.9±0.3 0.0739

BMI, body mass index; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; SNCA, synuclein gene; DAT, dopamine transporter.

Table 2

Correlation Coefficient (rho) between Dopamine Transporter Availability and Synuclein in Subjects according to Genotype of rs3910105

ymj-59-787-i002
rs3910105
CC CT TT
Caudate nucleus Putamen Caudate nucleus Putamen Caudate nucleus Putamen
CSF α-synuclein (pg/mL) 0.168 0.127 0.076 0.140 0.177 0.045
RNA synuclein (counts)
 SNCA-007 −0.031 −0.233 −0.108 −0.153 0.291† 0.198
 SNCA-3UTR-1 0.034 0.007 −0.179 −0.231† 0.112 0.045
 SNCA-3UTR-2 0.080 0.111 −0.198 −0.226† 0.053 0.007
 SNCA-E3E4 −0.096 −0.068 −0.205 −0.277* 0.264 0.102
 SNCA-E4E6 −0.019 −0.016 −0.201 −0.270* 0.275 0.115

CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; SNCA, synuclein gene.

*p<0.05, †p<0.1.

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