Facial harmony and balance may be determined by hard tissues, which support the soft tissues1. In cases of trauma, congenital deformities, and aesthetic surgeries, facial harmony can be achieved by facial implants2. It has been argued that autogenous materials, such as bone or cartilage, are suitable materials for facial augmentation3. However, problems such as donor site morbidity, increased surgical time and complexity, difficulty in shaping the grafts, graft warpage, and resorption when using autogenous materials have resulted in the continuous use of alloplastic implants45. Alloplastic biomaterials also have some disadvantages. Hydroxyapatite biomaterial does not promote tissue ingrowth6. Methylmetacrylate and silicone cause resorption of the underlying bone78. In addition, these materials do not permit tissue ingrowth and lead to capsulation and migration of the implant79.

In recent years, the use of porous implants has received considerable attention. Allowing for tissue ingrowth is the main advantage of porous materials4. Porous high-density polyethylene (PHDPE) as an alloplastic material shows many advantages compared to other biomaterials. PHDPE was developed in the early 1970s and has been available for clinical implantation since 1985101112. Polyethylene resins are composed of straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons.

The Medpor implant is made of a medical-grade, high density polyethylene that is sintered to create a somewhat flexible framework of interconnecting pores41112. The pore size range from 160 to 368 µm and more than half of these pores are larger than 150 µm in diameter1112. It has been shown that Medpor stimulates tissue ingrowth and collagen deposition into the pores, which in turn form a stable complex that is resistant to infection, exposure and contractile forces41314. Medpor possesses the following mechanical properties: (1) it is easily formed, (2) it is strong enough to be used in non-load bearing areas, and (3) it is readily available as a sterile implant in various pre-formed shapes13.

Our report reviews the use of PHDPE implants for correcting deformities in the orbit (floor, medial, and lateral wall), nasal, malar, chin, mandibular body and mandibular angle in 16 patients.

We used 30 PHDPE implants (Medpor Biomaterial; Porex Surgical, Newnan, GA, USA) for 16 patients with different types of deformities between the years 2010 to 2012 in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. All patients were informed about the advantages and disadvantages of these implants. Six sites of deformity (malar area, orbital floor, mandibular ramus and body, nasal, paranasal and chin area) were corrected with prefabricated Medpor. All surgeries were performed under general anesthesia and through intra- or extra-oral approaches based on the case and minimal manipulation. Implants were inserted in the subperiosteal plane and secured with screws. Before insertion, implants were individually contoured with a scalpel based on deformity geometry, and they were immersed in a gentamicin solution in order to minimize risk of infection. After surgery, regular postoperative protocol, including pain relief and intravenous antibiotic therapy (cefazolin 1 g, four times a day), was prescribed. Patients were discharged with oral antibiotics (cephalexin 500 mg, four times a day) for one week, and mouthwash rinse was prescribed for cases with an intraoral approach.

Patients were recalled routinely after 1, 4, and 12 weeks for postoperative follow-up, and long term follow-up data were collected after 5 to 7 years. Patient satisfaction and objective criteria (asymmetry and displacement, postoperative complications and corrective surgery) were evaluated.

A summary of patients is shown in Table 1. This study included 13 females and 3 males, and the mean age was 26.3±4.4 years. There were three indications for the application of PHDPE implants in our clinic: congenital deformity (26.7%), posttraumatic defect (26.7%), and aesthetic (46.7%). (Table 2) Implants were used for different sites of the maxillofacial region according to the following frequencies: malar (50.0%), orbital (10.0%), mandibular body and angle (13.3%), nasal (10.0%), paranasal (6.7%), and chin (10.0%).(Table 3) The mean follow-up was 5.4±0.62 years with complication and satisfaction rates of 12.5% and 87.5%, respectively.

In the postoperative period, two patients suffered complications in the malar and mandibular angle areas. We administered an intravenous antibiotic to these patients, and their wounds were incised and drained. This protocol was successful in one patient, but we had to remove the angle implant in the second patient. All other patients were satisfied with their treatment.

Facial implants are frequently used for aesthetic purposes, correction of congenital deformities and restoring anatomical harmony after trauma15. Facial implants became popular around the turn of the century, but Roussett was using gold implants in the nose as early as 182815. Joseph16 used ivory inlays for the nose in 1907. In 1896, Israel used tibial bone for nasal reconstruction17, and in 1900, costal cartilage was used for reconstructive purposes by Von Mangold18. Brown et al.19 reported the advantages of silicone implants in 1953, and silicon is one of the most widely used implant materials today.

An ideal alloplastic implant should be inert, non-carcinogenic, non-inflammatory and non-allergenic. In addition, it should resist mechanical strain and be easy to fabricate and shape. An optimal implant should integrate with the surrounding soft tissue, bone and cartilage2.

Autologous materials, despite some disadvantages, still remain the gold standard for craniofacial reconstruction. Increased time and complexity of surgery, donor site morbidity, difficulty in graft shaping, warpage and resorption have been referred to as disadvantages of autologous materials52021.

This report describes our experience with PHDPE implants (Medpor Biomaterial), an alloplastic implant material that may offer advantages when compared with previously used materials.

Medpor is user friendly, and it may easily be fixed for restoration of a three-dimensional structure. From a physical point of view, Medpor is a pure complex, and it is composed of biocompatible material that is strong and does not easily undergo degradation1422. These qualities, along with an ability to maintain its initial volume, make Medpor a suitable alternative for autogenous graft or other alloplastic materials23. By forming interconnecting pores, the Medpor implants are suitable materials for orbital reconstruction24. These pores size range from 160 to 368 µm, and more than half of these pores are larger than 150 µm in diameter11. Klawitter et al.25 and Spector et al.26 stated that pore size larger than 100 µm promote tissue ingrowth. For example, materials such as Polytef (Gore-tex) have pore sizes much less than 100 µm26. Such porosity results in the ingrowth of vascularized tissues into the implant, eventually forming a highly stable complex which is resistant to infection and deformation142022. But, on the other hand, this soft tissue ingrowth can make surgical removal of porous polyethylene extremely complicated27.

Extensive vascular ingrowth into the implant transfers cellular production deep into the implant, which can promote infection resistance. However, Romano et al. managed facial fractures in 140 patients with Medpor implants, and infection was observed in only one case14. In another study by RidwanPramana et al.28, they reported 7.2% infection rate in 69 implants that have been used in 40 post trauma patients.

Medpor implants have been used for nasal deformities. Niechajev29 used 118 implants in 102 patients for nose deformities, chin hypoplasia and malar hypoplasia. Three rhinoplasty cases were infected, two cases were faced with partial extrusion, and two dorsal and two chin implants were trimmed. Mohammadi et al. used PHDPE in open rhinoplasty. Medpor can be used as a dorsal and spreader graft in the correction of severe nose deformity without noticeable complications, such as infection and extrusion30. In the current study, we used 3 implants for nasal reconstruction (dorsal, columellar, and upper lateral cartilage implants) without any complications.

Medpor implants have been used for orbital deformities as well. In a study by Rubin et al.24, only one orbital implant was infected 1-week postoperatively, and other minor complications included under correction, a symptomatically palpable implant, and transient postoperative chemosis. In different studies by Baj et al.31 and Rapidis and Day32, high density polyethylene implants were recommended for reconstruction of the temporal defect after temporalis myofascial flap transposition. It is an easy and safe method with excellent functional and aesthetic results, and the method has a success rate of 90%. Studies by Rubin et al.24 and Xu et al.33 have shown that porous polyethylene sheets are very reliable materials for reconstruction of orbital blow-out fractures, restoration of orbital volume, and treatment and correction of diplopia and enophthalmous.

Xu et al.33 explained that overcorrection of 1 to 2 mm is necessary during surgery due to soft tissue swelling or atrophy. They observed no sign of infection in their study. Some authors reported risk of patient dissatisfaction because the rigid nature of porous polyethylene makes it difficult to contour. The current use of computer-aided design/computeraided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques have facilitated the rapid and precise construction of customized implants34. Sun et al.35 showed that customized titanium mesh can accurately correct enophthalmous accompanying orbital fractures. He et al.36 stated that computer-assisted surgery can improve the treatment outcomes in delayed orbito-zygomatic fracture with enophthalmous.

In two separate studies by Yilmaz et al.37 and Lin et al.38, 26 and 21 patients, respectively, with orbital floor fractures were treated by porous polyethylene implants. The patients had problems such as enophthalmous, diplopia, limited extrinsic ocular motility, hypoglobus and impairment of the infraorbital nerve. They concluded that porous polyethylene sheets are safe, reliable and effective implants. In addition, they reported that the sheets could be used for orbital floor fracture reconstruction without donor site morbidity or need for implant fixation. In a study conducted by Lin et al.38, orbital infection and/or worsening of diplopia weren't observed in any of the patients studied. In a study by Yilmaz et al.37, 4 postoperative infections in 4 patients were managed with antibiotics, and ectropion was formed in 2 cases. Cenzi et al.39 and Yaremchuk40, used 285 Medpor implants in 187 patients and 370 implants in 162 patients, respectively. They concluded that porous polyethylene implants have favorable properties for craniofacial skeletal reconstruction. None of their patients developed complications, such as extrusion, migration and infection.

Use of Medpor implants for areas like the ear, nose and maxilla in syndromic patients is associated with a higher risk of implant failure39. A study by Gosau et al.41 showed fibrovascular integration without encapsulation under light microscopy for the Medpor implant. They detected giant cells on the surface of the implants and evidence of implant material resorption.

An important disadvantage of Medpor implants is their invisibility in radiographic studies, because the Medpor implant shows no contrast41. Menderes et al.42 placed 83 implants in 71 patients for craniofacial reconstruction. Their study showed an increased risk of early and late exposure if the Medpor implant was placed directly under the skin instead of the subperiosteal plane. They preferred autogenous grafts, instead of allogenic materials, for reconstruction of the nasal dorsum and microtia. Romo et al.43 stated that if autogenous materials are inadequate or undesirable, the surgeon could use the Medpor implant to reconstruct and support the external nasal valve. On the other hand, Emsen44 supported the use of E-M shaped septal encircling with Medpor grafts as a safe, effective, reliable and permanent method for crooked nose reconstruction.

In this study, 16 patients with 30 Medpor implants were evaluated. We achieved good aesthetic and facial contour in all patients treated with PHDPE implants. None of the patients developed implant exposure. Two cases of postoperative infection in the malar and mandibular angle area were managed by incision and drainage and antibiotic therapy. Only the mandibular angle implant was removed due to unsuccessful medical treatment.

Based on the findings of this study, we can suggest PHDPE implants, having a low incidence of infection and acceptable aesthetic and functional outcomes.

The PHDPE alloplastic implant has a low incidence of infection and excellent cosmetic and functional results, and the implant is an acceptable alternative to existing alloplastic materials.