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I. Introduction
As with any surgical procedure, removal of an impacted third molar is associated with complications, which occur in up to 45% of patients, according to prior studies. Since this is a clean-contaminated surgery, the likelihood of postoperative infection is high, even if exceptional aseptic procedures are followed1.
As a frequent practice in India, antibiotics are prescribed by oral surgeons and usually include either a combination of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or azithromycin, along with metronidazole2. This study investigated the efficacy of the two antibiotic combinations for a particular population reporting to our center for prevention of infection following removal of the mandibular third molar.
II. Materials and Methods
This study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College & Hospital, Kolenchery (Kochi, India). The study design was formulated following Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines after obtaining approval from the ethics committee of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College & Hospital, Kolenchery (approval no. MOSCMC/IEC/2015/02). Patients reporting to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery between February 2015 and January 2017 for removal of a mandibular impacted third molar were selected. The sample size was determined as the number of patients consenting for the procedure and participation during the period of study.
The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) male or female patient between the ages of 18–30 years; (2) mesioangular impacted tooth; (3) Pell and Gregory classification: Position A, Class I; (4) absence of follicular space; and (5) absence of infection involving the mandibular impacted third molar.
The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patient with comorbidities; (2) pregnant or lactating mother; (3) patient with acute infection; (4) history of recent antibiotic therapy; and (5) history of allergy or intolerance to the drugs used in this study.
One surgeon performed all procedures under local anaesthesia. Assuring meticulous asepsis, a full thickness rhomboid flap was raised to aid in bone removal and odentectomy, as required, using rotary instruments. The full duration of the proceedings, from the time of the first incision to the final suture, was recorded. Post-surgical alveolus irrigation was performed using chlorhexidine-digluconate (0.12%) solution for 1 minute in all cases. Wound closure was achieved using 4-0 silk sutures.
Drugs were prescribed as either a course of amoxicillinclavulanic acid (500+125 mg) with metronidazole 400 mg three times daily (Group I) or azithromycin 500 mg once daily with metronidazole 400 mg three times daily (Group II). Uniform analgesics were prescribed for all combinations of aceclofenac and acetaminophen. All patients were directed to an emergency review or to a seven-day review. Patients were prohibited from taking other drugs and from seeking medical attention unless it was from our oral surgery department. The diagnosis was made by prior established clinical criteria. On the seven day review, the parameters were recorded accordingly. Patients who underwent emergency care were reevaluated seven days later.
A total of 150 patients who fulfilled the criteria were selected for this study; after exclusion, the final sample size was 108 patients.
The statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (ver. 20.0; IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
III. Results
The sample of 108 patients was composed of 50 males with a mean age of 25.42 years and 58 females with mean age of 24.15 years. The mean age for the total study group was 24.00±6.39 years.(Table 1) The average time recorded for the study was 7.4 minutes, with 4 minutes as the minimum time and 12 minutes as the maximum time. These wide ranges of ages and timing did not show any significant difference according to patient outcome. There was no correlation between patient age and outcome. The presence of surgical site infection decreased in Group II patients, with a P-value of 0.152.(Table 2, Fig. 1)
According to the data obtained, Group II had a lower incidence of surgical site infection but only with a P-value 0.152, which was not statistically significant.
IV. Discussion
The incidence of infection following impacted mandibular third molar surgical removal varies between 0% and 45%3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12. Despite years of clinical data with systemic antibiotics and well-designed clinical studies, a significant debate still exists over the administration of postoperative antibiotics in impacted third molar surgery13.
Removal of an impacted third molar results in a higher incidence of bacteremia compared with other oral surgical procedures14. Blakey et al.15 reported that 25% of patients with impacted mandibular third molar had asymptomatic periodontitis. The subsequent postoperative infections can cause undesirable outcomes, such as deep space infections, although the incidence is low, at 0.8%16. Although there is evidence that postoperative antibiotics can lower the incidence of postoperative complications12,17, there is equally convincing evidence to the contrary10,17,18,19.
Previous clinical trials used postoperative antibiotics20 for the following reasons: (1) presence of infection; (2) medical incapacitation; (3) patient or patient family demands; (4) standard of care in the oral surgery community is to use antibiotics; and (5) high risk of postoperative infection.
Numbers 3 and 4 above are the most common reasons for the prescription of antibiotics. However, clinicians treating such cases should resist such prescription to prevent the development of resistant strains within the community. Multiple studies comparing the efficacy of antibiotics, as mentioned above, found no statistically significant differences. Although there was no control group in the present study, and multiple antibiotics were administered, no statistically significant differences in outcome were observed.
Peterson21 stated five principles to guide the proper administration of antibiotics for the best possible practice and patient care. These principles are as follows: (1) proper use in surgical procedures with significant risk of infection; (2) appropriate selection of antibiotics; (3) use of high antibiotic level during surgery; (4) accurate timing of antibiotic administration; and (5) shortest antibiotic exposure as is possible.
One major drawback of our study was the non-differentiation of hard and soft tissue impaction. Piecuch et al.20, in their study involving bony impacted third molars, found that the use of preoperative parenteral antibiotics resulted in significantly reduced postoperative infection rate. However, no advantage was found in soft tissue impaction alone22. Multiple studies have reported the same, with differences in outcome when differentiation of hard tissue and soft tissue impaction was considered.
The University Dental Hospital National Health Service Trust in Cardiff (UK) audited the use of antibiotics for impacted third molar surgeries and found “the potential for saving large sums of money while apparently incurring no clinical disadvantage”23, in accord with the literature and now the common belief of many surgeons. Although a discussion about the need for postoperative antibiotics is beyond the scope of this article, we concluded that the administration of antibiotics should be considered only when necessary.
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