Abstract
Purpose
Pseudoepiphysis originates from the secondary ossification center of the non-ossification end during the normal pediatric growth process. It is not uncommonly found in the course of metacarpal and metatarsal ossification. We investigated the radiologic prevalence and features of pseudoepiphysis in normal Korean children.
Materials and Methods
Sex and age distribution following radiologic prevalence as well as the features of metacarpal pseudoepiphysis of 2,320 Korean children aged below 15 years of age and younger who underwent hand radiography between January 2009 and February 2016 were analyzed.
Results
A total of 304 out of 2,320 patients had pseudoepiphysis on metacarpal bone, which is a prevalence of 13.1%. Male showed higher prevalence (16.6% for male and 10.5% for female). The peak age was 11 years for boys and 5 years for girls. The first metacarpal bone was most prevalent, with 9.6% of the total population, followed by the second metacarpal bone (5.2%) and fifth metacarpal bone (2.5%). The prevalence of single pseudoepiphysis was 9.4%, and that of multiple pseudoepiphysis was 3.7%. The prevalence of incomplete pseudoepiphysis was 8.9% and was higher than complete pseudoepiphysis (5.6%).
References
1. Scheuer L, Black S. Developmental juvenile osteology. London: Academic Press;2000. p. 308–340.
2. Nakashima T, Furukawa H. A rare case of complete proximal epiphyses (so-called pseudoepiphyses) of the metacarpal and metatarsal bones in the human. Ann Anat. 1997; 179:549–551.
4. Lee MMC, Garn SM. Pseudoepiphysis or notches in the non-epiphyseal end of metacarpal bones in healthy children. Anat Rec. 1967; 159:263–272.
5. Ogden JA, Ganey TM, Light TR, Greene TL, Belsole RJ. Nonepiphyseal ossification and pseudoepiphysis formation. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994; 14:78–82.
6. Levine E. Notches in the non-epiphyseal ends of the metacarpals and phalanges in children of four South African populations. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1972; 36:407–415.
7. Limb D, Loughenbury PR. The prevalence of pseudoepiphyses in the metacarpals of the growing hand. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2012; 37:678–681.
8. Dreizen S, Spirakis CN, Stone RE. The distribution and disposition of anomalous notches in the non-epiphyseal ends of human metacarpal shafts. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1965; 23:181–187.
9. Nesbitt R. Human osteogeny. London: T Wood;1736.
10. Haines RW. The pseudoepiphysis of the first metacarpal of man. J Anat. 1974; 117:145–158.
12. Lachman E. Pseudo-epiphyses in hand and foot. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1953; 70:149–151.
13. Park S, Yang WY, Ryu KN. Study of hand anomaly and bone age in Down syndrome with Korean. J Korean Soc Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999; 26:460–465.
14. Frazer JES. The anatomy of the human skeleton. London: J. & A. Churchill;1940. p. 118.
15. Greulich WW, Pyle SI. Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of hand and wrist. Am J Hum Genet. 1959; 11:282–283.