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Abstract
Purpose
This study was a secondary data analysis using the 6th Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2014. The purpose of the study was to identify and compare the impacts of Physical Activity (PA), central obesity and depression on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The study sample was post-menopausal women aged 45~65 years of aged with or without cardiovascular risk factors. Specifically, the sample consisted of 472 women who had cardiovascular risk factors (risk group) and 374 women with no reported risk factors (no risk group).
Methods
The degree of PA (MET-min/week) was estimated based on the International PA Questionnaire and depression was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
Results
The scores from the PA were lower than the recommended PA scores among both groups, and muscle strengthening was significantly lower within the risk group compared to those in the no risk group (p<.001). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that depression, PA and WHtR accounted for 32.8% of the HRQoL in the risk group (R2=.328, F=64.49, p<.001), while depression and WHtR accounted for 28.5% of the HRQoL in the no risk group (R2=.256, F=35.18, p<.001).
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Figure 2.
Performance rate by type of physical activity according to cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Table 1.
General Characteristics according to Cardiovascular Risk (N=846)
Table 2.
Physical Activity, Central Obesity, Depression, and Quality of Life according to Cardiovascular Risk (N=846)
| Variables | Risk group (n=472) | Non-risk group (n=374) | x2 or t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M± SE | n (%) or M± SE | |||
| PA (MET-min/week) | ||||
| Low (≤599) | 230 (47.0) | 172 (43.9) | 0.53 | .466 |
| Moderate (600~1,499) | 134 (28.0) | 109 (31.6) | ||
| High (≥1,500) | 108 (25.0) | 93 (24.5) | ||
| WHtR | 0.54±0.1 | 0.48±0.1 | 216.14 | ＜.001 |
| ≥0.52 | 306 (61.7) | 81 (27.9) | 13.90 | ＜.001 |
| ＜0.52 | 166 (38.3) | 293 (72.1) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126.2±1.0 | 114.9±1.0 | 69.00 | ＜.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.4±0.6 | 73.3±0.5 | 28.33 | ＜.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 194.6±1.9 | 202.2±1.8 | 8.71 | .040 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 52.6±0.6 | 56.0±0.7 | 16.91 | ＜.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 122.1±4.6 | 127.4±5.9 | 0.48 | .489 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 138.8±4.3 | 112.1±4.2 | 20.80 | ＜.001 |
| Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) | 105.9±1.3 | 95.1±0.9 | 45.71 | ＜.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.1±0.1 | 5.7±0.3 | 54.68 | ＜.001 |
| CVD risk factors† | ||||
| Diabetes | 78 (15.7) | - | - | - |
| Hypertension | 243 (50.3) | - | - | - |
| Dyslipidemia | 173 (33.3) | - | - | - |
| Angina, ESRD | 50 (10.3) | - | - | - |
| BMI (≥25 kg/m2), Smoking | 295 (63.3) | - | - | - |
| Depression (PHQ-9≥10) | 39 (8.6) | 26 (6.6) | 3.88 | .186 |
| 3.3±0.2 | 3.1±0.3 | |||
| EQ-5D score | 0.90±0.1 | 0.94±0.1 | 9.89 | .002 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Current smoker | 22 (5.2) | - | 302.52 | ＜.001 |
| Ex-smoker or never | 450 (94.8) | 374 (100.0) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | ||||
| Daily | 8 (2.0) | 64 (17.6) | 120.60 | ＜.001 |
| ≥2/week | 165 (18.0) | 140 (38.2) | ||
| ＜1/months | 212 (36.1) | 164 (42.4) | ||
| None | 212 (43.8) | 6 (1.8) |
PA=physical activity; PHQ=patient health questionnaire; CVD=cardiovascular disease; WHtR=waist to height ratio; BMI=body mass index; HDL=high-density lipoprotein; LDL=low-density lipoprotein; ESRD=endstage renal disease; MET=metabolic equivalent of task; SE=standard error; n=unweighted count; %=weighted count; EQ-5D score=EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire;
Table 3.
Predicting Factors on Quality of Life in Groups with or without Cardiovascular Risk (N=846)
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