Study of the Heavy Metals in Fume of Buckshot, Blood Lead Concentration and Self-Rated Health Status of National Clay Shooting Athletes

Hong-Jae Chun; Sang-Min Nam; In-Ho Cho

doi:10.5763/kjsm.2018.36.2.84

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Chun, Nam, and Cho: Study of the Heavy Metals in Fume of Buckshot, Blood Lead Concentration and Self-Rated Health Status of National Clay Shooting Athletes

Clinical Article

Korean J Sports Med 2018;36(2):84-91.

Published online: 10 December 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2018.36.2.84

Study of the Heavy Metals in Fume of Buckshot, Blood Lead Concentration and Self-Rated Health Status of National Clay Shooting Athletes

Hong-Jae Chun, Sang-Min Nam, In-Ho Cho

Department of Exercise Physiology, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence: In-Ho Cho Department of Exercise Physiology, Korea National Sport University, 1239 Yangjae-daero, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05541, Korea Tel: +82-2-410-6899, Fax: +82-2-418-1877 e-mail: judo69@knsu.ac.kr

Received 16 April 2018 Revised 31 May 2018 Accepted 4 June 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted to investigate the levels of heavy metals and self-rated health status of the national clay shooting athletes.

Methods

Fourteen subjects’ blood lead level and index of liver damage (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transferase) were measured. Heavy metal content in training environment was measured by collecting the buckshot fume. In addition, subjects completed a questionnaire assessing self-rated health status (Todai Health Index).

Results

Antimony and lead were detected much more than other heavy metals in the air of the shooting range. The average blood lead level of 14 subjects was significantly higher than the upper limit of normal Korean adults. Blood lead level of male is significantly higher than female and training frequency and the total training time per week were positively correlated to the blood lead level. In the result of survey on self-rated health, the higher the blood lead level, the lower the score of the common subjective physical symptoms. By age, the younger the subjects are, the higher the score of the common subjective symptoms.

Conclusion

Although the level of heavy metals in fume of buckshot and blood lead was high, national clay shooting athletes thought that they are healthy.

Keywords: Athletes, Health status, Heavy metals, Lead

References

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Fig. 1.

Personal shooting air sampler.

Fig. 2.

Group shooting air sampler.

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics

Variable	No. (%)
Sex
Male	9 (64.29)
Female	5 (35.71)
Age (yr)
20−30	7 (50)
31−40	4 (28.57)
41−50	3 (21.43)

Table 2.

Total career duration and training pattern

Variable	No. (%)
Total career duration (yr)
5−10	2 (14.29)
11−15	7 (50)
16−20	4 (28.57)
21−25	0
26−30	1 (7.14)
Training frequency, per week (times)
4	1 (7.14)
5	7 (50)
6	6 (42.86)
Training time, per training (hr)
4−5	4 (28.57)
5−6	4 (28.57)
6−7	4 (28.57)
7−8	2 (14.29)

Table 3.

Fume component and concentration of clay shooting range

Component	NAAQS	m/z	Personal shooting air sampler^*		Group shooting air sampler^†
Component	NAAQS	m/z	ICP-MS (μL/L)	Conc (μg/m³)	ICP-MS (μL/L)	Conc (μg/m³)
B	–	11	0.56	0.60	0.43	0.12
C	–	52	17.5	18.7	25.7	7.14
Mn	–	55	1.13	1.21	0.15	0.04
Sn	–	118	2.86	3.06	0.28	0.08
Sb	–	121	360	385	51.2	14.2
Ba	–	138	32.3	34.5	67.7	18.8
Pb	0.15	208	273	292	67.2	18.7

NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standard, ICP-MS: Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, Conc: concentration.

^* Sample volume, 0.0025 L; air volume, 0.0234 m³

^† Sample volume, 0.0025 L; air volume, 0.090 m³.

Table 4.

Blood lead level difference according to sexuality and training frequency

Variable	Mean±SD	p-value	Post-hoc analysis
Sex		0.042^*	–
Male (n=9)	5.1±1.64
Female (n=5)	3.6±0.77
Training frequency		0.007^*	4,5＜6
4 Times (n=1)	2.9±0.0
5 Times (n=7)	3.64±0.55
6 Times (n=6)	5.82±1.55

SD: standard deviation.

^* ＜0.05.

Table 5.

AST, ALT and γ-GT differences according to sexuality

Variable	Mean±SD	p-value
AST		0.112
Male (n=9)	27.44±10.43
Female (n=5)	21.60±1.36
ALT		0.012^*
Male (n=9)	33.78±28.82
Female (n=5)	14.00±4.61
γ-GT		0.001^*
Male (n=9)	38.00±18.35
Female (n=5)	17.60±18.91

AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, γ-GT: γ-glutamyl transferase, SD: standard deviation.

^* ＜0.05.

Table 6.

Interrelationship between blood lead conc (μg/dL) and THI, total career duration (year) and THI, and age (year) and THI

Category B	Blood lead conc and THI		Total career duration and THI		Age and THI
Category B	Correlation coefficient	p-value	Correlation coefficient	p-value	Correlation coefficient	p-value
Multiple subjective symptoms	−0.536^*	0.048	−0.323	0.241	−0.651^†	0.009
Respiratory	−0.487	0.077	−0.271	0.329	−0.360	0.187
Eyes and skin	−0.190	0.515	−0.129	0.647	−0.281	0.310
Mouth and anus	−0.349	0.222	−0.443	0.098	−0.543^*	0.036
Digestive	−0.398	0.158	−0.127	0.651	−0.132	0.640
Impulsiveness	0.104	0.723	−0.227	0.416	−0.385	0.156
Lie scale	0.316	0.271	0.770^†	0.001	0.806^†	0.000
Mental irritability	−0.381	0.179	−0.315	0.253	−0.579^*	0.024
Depression	−0.430	0.125	−0.137	0.627	−0.562^*	0.029
Aggressiveness	0.346	0.225	0.389	0.152	0.607^*	0.016
Nervousness	0.398	0.158	0.112	0.692	0.070	0.805
Irregular life	−0.439	0.117	−0.228	0.414	−0.410	0.129

Conc: concentration, THI: Todai Health Index. *p＜0.05;

^† p＜0.01.

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