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Abstract
Purpose
Several studies have suggested that vitamin D deficiency has significant effects on muscle weakness, injury and illness, and ultimately, exercise performance. However, studies on vitamin D status and deficiency related factors for young athletes are still lacking.
Methods
Four hundred athletes who have undergone serum vitamin D (D2 and D3) test were studied. Vitamins were classified into three groups (deficiency, insufficiency, and adequacy). Blood sampling time was classified into four groups (spring, summer, fall, and winter).
Results
Of the 400 athletes, 31.5% were deficient, 48.25% were insufficient, and 20.25% were adequate in vitamin D. The group with lower vitamin D levels was older, had a higher body weight, and had higher body mass index. Comparisons by sex were significantly lower in female athletes than male athletes for indoor sports. Seasonal comparisons were significantly lower in winter than in spring, summer, and autumn. When the correlation analysis between the characteristics of the athletes and vitamin D was analyzed, there was a weak negative correlation between age and body mass index and height and weight were not related. Athletes' vitamin D levels are higher than the general population, but about 80% of them have vitamin D deficiency.
References
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Table 1.
Classification of participant
| Group | Number | Male | Female | Vitamin D, mean (ng/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A: Outdoor player | 344 | 337 | 7 | 24.71 |
| B: Indoor player | 56 | 37 | 19 | 18.32 |
| C: The public | 867 | 420 | 447 | 14.71 |
| D: Vitamin D supplement | 11 | 10 | 1 | 40.32 |
Table 2.
Demographic of participant
Table 3.
Players demographics for each group of vitamin D status
| Variable |
Vitamin D status |
p-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deficiency (＜20 ng/mL) | Insufficiency (20−32 ng/mL) | Adequacy (＞32 ng/mL) | ||
| No. of players (%) | 126 (31.5) | 193 (48.25) | 81 (20.25) | – |
| Age (yr) | 20.02±5.2 | 18.07±3.9 | 17.57±4.1 | 0.000 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 15.5±3.95 | 24±2.9 | 34±3.7 | – |
| Height (cm) | 175.94±7.8 | 175.57±9.1 | 175.50±8.1 | 0.925 |
| Weight (kg) | 75.92±13.1 | 75.23±13.4 | 70.62±11.1 | 0.021 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.41±3.2 | 24.25±2.8 | 22.80±2.9 | 0.001 |
Table 4.
Comparison between sex/sport type and vitamin D status on players
| Variable | Number | Vitamin D (ng/mL) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Player | 0.001* | ||
| Male | 374 | 24.16±7.37 | |
| Female | 26 | 18.95±8.25 | |
| Sport type | 0.000† | ||
| Outdoor | 344 | 24.71±7.19 | |
| Indoor | 56 | 18.32±7.29 | |
| The public | 867 | 14.71±5.36 |
Table 5.
Seasonal variation of vitamin D on players
| Season | No. of patients | Vitamin D (ng/mL) |
|---|---|---|
| Spring | 75 | 25.17±7.5 (11.4−43.5) |
| Summer | 110 | 25.18±6.6 (14.2−46.1) |
| Fall | 143 | 25.06±6.3 (7.76−39.0) |
| Winter | 72 | 17.85±8.3 (3.52−40.8) |
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