Journal List > J Rhinol > v.25(1) > 1095212

Yang, Choi, Cho, Hong, and Kim: Clinical Feasibility of Scent Survey for Screening Test for Olfactory Function

Abstract

Background and Objectives:

The scent survey for screening (SSS) test is a subjective olfactory questionnaire devised for this study. We demonstrated the correlation of the SSS test with other olfactory tests and the efficacy of the SSS test as an olfactory screening test compared to KVSSII.

Subjects and Method:

A total of 363 patients who visited our ORL outpatient department underwent the SSS test, VAS, and KVSS I and II. The patients were divided into two groups, a group with normal olfactory function and a group with olfactory dysfunction according to the KVSS II test. In each group, the correlations between the olfactory tests were studied, and the cutoff value of the SSS test as a screening test was investigated.

Results:

There was positive correlation between CCSIT and KVSS I, II, T, D, and I tests and the SSS test in the total group and in the olfactory dysfunction group (p<0.05). The identification test in the KVSS II showed the highest positive correlation. While the cut-off value of normal olfactory function in the KVSS II is 28, the SSS test showed the highest specificity and sensitivity of 74 under an ROC curve.

Conclusion:

The SSS test showed very high correlation with other olfactory tests, especially in an olfactory dysfunction group. This result indicates that the SSS is appropriate as a screening test to select people with olfactory disorder.

REFERENCES

1). Deems DA., Doty RL., Settle RG., Moore-Gillon V., Shaman P., Mester AF, et al. Smell and taste disorders, a study of 750 patients from the university of Pennsylvania smell and taste center. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991. 117:519–28.
crossref
2). Park SW. Current Trend of Olfactory Disorder Management. Korean J Otolaryngol. 2012. 55:272–7.
crossref
3). Choi SH., Kim ST., Park HM., Moon KH., Jung JH., Cha HE. Analysis of characteristics and Steroid Effects in Olfactory Dysfunction Patients. J Rhinol. 2016. 23(1):39–43.
crossref
4). Jung DH., Paik SI., Jung YK., Kim KB. Clinical Analysis of Olfactory Dysfunction. J Rhinol. 1995. 2(2):118–23.
5). Landis BN., Hummel T. New evidence for high occurrence of olfactory dysfunctions within the population. Am J Med. 2006. 119(1):91–2.
crossref
6). Lee WH., Wee JH., Kim DK., Rhee CS., Lee CH., Ahn S, et al. Prevalence of subjective olfactory dysfunction and its risk factors: Korean national health and nutrition examination survey. PLoS One. 2013. 8(5):e62725.
crossref
7). Scott AE. Clinical characteristics of taste and smell disorders. Ear Nose Throat J. 1989. 68:297–315.
8). McCormack HM., Horne DJ., Sheather S. Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review. Psychol Med. 1988. 18:1007–19.
crossref
9). Croy I., Nordin S., Hummel T. Olfactory Disorders and Quality of Life. Chem Senses. 2014. 39:185–94.
10). Hong SC., Yoo YS., Kim ES., Kim SC., Park SH., Kim JK, et al. Development of KVSS Test (Korean Version of Sniffin' Sticks Test). Korean J Otolaryngol. 1999. 42:855–60.
11). Cain WS. Testing olfaction in a clinical setting. Ear Nose Throat J. 1989. 68:316–8.
12). Doty RL., Marcus A., Lee WW. Development of the 12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT). Laryngoscope. 1996. 106:353–6.
13). Cho JH., Jeong YS., Lee YJ., Hong SC., Yoon JH., Kim JK. The Korean version of the Sniffin' stick (KVSS) test and its validity in comparison with the cross-cultural smell identification test (CC-SIT). Auris Nasus Larynx. 2009. 36:280–6.
crossref
14). Kim JM., Jeong MS., Shin DH., Seol JH., Hong SC., Cho JH, et al. Olfactory Identification Test Using Familiar Distracters for Koreans. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2014. 7(1):19–23.
crossref
15). Ferdenzi C., Coureaud G., Camos V., Schaal B. Human awareness and uses of odor cues in everyday life: Results from a questionnaire study in children. Int J Behav Dev. 2008. 32:422–31.
crossref
16). Martin GN., Apena F., Chaudry Z., Mulligan Z., Nixon C. The development of an attitudes towards the sense of smell questionnaire (SoSQ) and a comparison of different profession's responses. N Am J Psychol. 2001. 3:491–502.
17). Song SW. Using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve to Measure Sensitivity and Specificity. Korean J Fam Med. 2009. 30:841–2.
crossref
18). Bensafi M., Rouby C. Individual differences in odor imaging ability reflect differences in olfactory and emotional perception. Chem Senses. 2007. 32:237–44.
crossref
19). Tsuzuki K., Fukazawa K., Takebayashi H., Oka H., Miwa T., Kurono Y, et al. Olfactory evaluation using a self administrated odor questionnaire. Jpn J Rhinol. 2009. 48:1–7.
20). Takebayashi H., Tsuzuki K., Oka H., Fukazawa K., Daimon T., Sakagami M. Clinical availability of a self-administered odor questionnaire for patients with olfactory disorders. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2011. 38:65–72.
crossref

Fig. 1
A scent survey for screening test (SSS test) ranked by priority and VAS score.
jr-25-14f1.tif
Fig. 2
Comparison of ROC curve between SSS test and VAS.
jr-25-14f2.tif
Table 1.
Demographic data result and Olfactory test result (n=363)
Olfactory status Normosmia Dysfunction Total
Frequency (n) 55 308 363
Age Range 16-61 18-70 16-70
Mean (SD) 36.65 (16.11) 44.36 (16.82) 43.20 (16.92)
Sex Male:female 27:28 199:109 226:137
SSS test score Range 47-99 20-97 20-99
Mean (SD) 78.65 (11.90) 64.00 (17.51) 66.22 (17.57)
VAS score Range 5-10 0-10 0-10
Mean (SD) 7.47 (1.46) 5.55 (2.68) 5.84 (2.63)
CCSIT score Range 4-11 0-12 0-12
Mean (SD) 8.35 (1.72) 6.71 (2.49) 6.96 (2.46)
KVSS I score Range 1-8 0-9 0-9
Mean (SD) 5.53 (1.16) 4.26 (1.71) 4.45 (1.70)
KVSS II score Range 28-37 4-27 4-37
Mean (SD) 30.71 (2.69) 19.63 (4.90) 21.31 (6.11)
Threshold score Range 1-15 0-16 0-16
Mean (SD) 6.33 (2.36) 3.31 (2.45) 3.76 (2.66).
Discrimination score Range 8-18 1-13 1-18
Mean (SD) 11.73 (2.14) 7.49 (2.46) 8.13 (2.85)
Identification score Range 9-15 1-15 1-15
Mean (SD) 12.65 (1.54) 8.84 (2.86) 9.42 (3.03)

SD: standard deviation

Table 2.
Correlation between SSS and other olfactory tests
    Normosmia (n=55) Dysfunction (n=308) Total (n=363)
VAS R∗ (p-value) 0.3387 (<0.05) 0.4989 (<0.05) 0.5299 (<0.05)
CCSIT R∗ (p-value) 0.0555 (0.68) 0.4551 (<0.05) 0.4672 (<0.05)
KVSS I R∗ (p-value) 0.0572 (0.67) 0.3101 (<0.05) 0.3511 (<0.05)
KVSS II R∗ (p-value) 0.2312 (0.08) 0.5788 (<0.05) 0.6087 (<0.05)
T R∗ (p-value) 0.0810 (0.55) 0.2505 (<0.05) 0.3306 (<0.05)
D R∗ (p-value) 0.2482 (0.06) 0.3545 (<0.05) 0.4458 (<0.05)
I R∗ (p-value) 0.0651 (0.63) 0.4723 (<0.05) 0.5160 (<0.05)

∗: pearson correlation coefficient

Table 3.
Comparison of ROC curves
  AUC SE 95% CI
SSS test 0.754 0.0331 0.706-0.797
VAS 0.707 0.0314 0.658-0.754

SE: standard error

Table 4.
SSS test of Criterions values and coordinates of the ROC curve
Criterion Sensitivity 95% CI Specificity 95% CI +LR -LR
≤70 61.69 56.0-67.1 74.55 61.0-85.3 2.42 0.51
≤71 66.23 60.7-71.5 72.73 59.0-83.9 2.43 0.46
≤72 68.51 63.0-73.7 70.91 57.1-82.4 2.35 0.44
≤73 70.13 64.7-75.2 69.09 55.2-80.9 2.27 0.43
74∗ 72.08 66.7-77.0 69.09 55.2-80.9 2.33 0.40
≤75 75.00 69.8-79.7 63.64 49.6-76.2 2.06 0.39
≤76 78.25 73.2-82.7 56.36 42.3-69.7 1.79 0.39
≤77 79.22 74.3-83.6 52.73 38.8-66.3 1.68 0.39
≤78 80.52 75.6-84.8 49.09 35.4-62.9 1.58 0.40

+LR: Positive likelihood ratio, -LR: Negative likelihood ratio

TOOLS
Similar articles