Journal List > Korean J Women Health Nurs > v.24(1) > 1094771

TOOLS
Kim and Kim: Developing Parenting Stress Scale for International Marriage Immigrant Women in South Korea: Focused on Vietnamese and Filipino Marriage Immigrant Women
Orginal Article

Korean J Women Health Nurs 2018;24(1):33-48.

Published online: 20 March 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2018.24.1.33

Developing Parenting Stress Scale for International Marriage Immigrant Women in South Korea: Focused on Vietnamese and Filipino Marriage Immigrant Women

Jung Kim1, Sun-Hee Kim2,

1School of Nursing, University of Northcarolina at Chapel Hill, Daegu, Korea

2College of Nursing, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Korea

Corresponding author: Kim, Sun-Hee College of Nursing, Daegu Catholic University, 33 Duryugongwon-ro, 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea. Tel: +82-53-650-4831, Fax: +82-53-650-4392, E-mail: sunhee421@cu.ac.kr

Received 1 November 201728 February 2018       Accepted 6 March 2018

Copyright © 2018 Korean Society of Women Health Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to evaluate parenting stress of international marriage immigrant women from Vietnam and the Philippines.

Methods

The concept of parenting stress of international marriage immigrant women was analysed with a hybrid model. Data were collected from 273 international marriage immigrant women from Vietnam and the Philippines who were raising their children aged 1 to 6 years. These collected data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis, multitrait/multi-item matrix assessment, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, and Cronbach's alpha internal consistency measurement.

Results

The final instrument consisted of 28 items. The following six factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis: ‘insufficiency of parenting support system', ‘role burden of mothers', ‘maladjustment of children', ‘confusion of parenting methods due to cultural differences', ‘unskilled Korean communication', and ‘ordinary difficulties'. Construct validity (factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity) and criterion-related validity were confirmed. Cronbach's ⍺ value of total items was .92(95% CI .91-.94). Cronbach's ⍺ of values for these factors ranged from .76 to .85.

Conclusion

The parenting stress scale for international marriage immigrant women is a valid and reliable tool.

Keywords: Immigrants, Parenting, Psychological stress, Women

References

1. Sung DK, Lee JY. A study on the improvement of the quality of life of female marriage immigrants. Korean Public Administration Quarterly. 2010; 22(3):749–772.
2. Korea Immigration Service. Monthly statistics report: Status of Korean spouses' nationality by region (as of the end of March 2016) [Internet]. Gyeonggi-do: Author;2016. [cited 2017 September 5]. Available from:. http://www.immigration.go.kr/doc_html/attach/imm/f2016//20160428254375_1_31.xls.files/WorkBook.html.
3. Lee SM, Lee KA. The effect of parenting stress and efficacy in mothers of multicultural family on their parenting behavior. Journal of Future Early Childhood Education. 2010; 17(3):71–105.
4. Park MS. The effects of acculturative stress on parenting stress among marriage migrant women in Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare. 2014; 46:1–23.
5. Choi NY, Woo HK, Jung HS, Park HJ, Yi SH. Mothers' parenting stress in multicultural families. Journal of Korean Home Management Association. 2009; 27(2):255–268.
6. Song MK, Jee SH, Cho EK, Lim YS. A study on the parental experience of a foreign mother in a multicultural family. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy. 2008; 20(2):497–517.
7. Baker BL, McIntyre LL, Blacher J, Crnic K, Edelbrock C, Low C. Preschool children with and without developmental delay: Behaviour problems and parenting stress over time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2003; 47(4–5):): 217–230.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00484.x.
crossref
8. Potts NL, Mandleco BL. Pediatric nursing: Caring for children and their families. 3rd ed.Delmar Cengage Learning;2011. p. 1246. p.
9. Chung KS. International marriage immigrant women's Korean migration and their adjustment of life in Korea. Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. 2008; 20:68–103.
10. Kim GO. A study on the need for parental education of the mothers of married immigrant families with young children. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education. 2014; 16(1):175–205. https://doi.org/10.15409/riece.2014.16.1.175.
11. Abidin RR. Parenting stress index (PSI). 3rd ed.Charlottesville: Pediatric Psychology Press;1990. p. 100. p.
12. Schwartz-Barcott D, Kim HS. An expansion and elaboration of the hybrid model of concept development. Concept development in nursing: Foundations, techniques, and applications;. 2000. 107–133. p.
13. DeVellis RF. Scale development. 3rd ed.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications;2011. p. 205. p.
14. Tak JK. Psychological testing. An understanding of development and evaluation method. Seoul: Hakjisa;2013. p. 415. p.
15. Kim MJ, Ha JM. The effects of object relation and parenting efficacy on parenting stress: Mothers with young children. The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education. 2013; 18(1):283–303.
16. Yoon JW, Hwang RI, Cho HH. Parenting stress and related factors of employed and non-employed mothers with preschool children. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing. 2009; 15(4):294–302. https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2009.15.4.294.
crossref
17. Henson RK, Roberts JK. Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2006; 66(3):393–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282485.
18. Shin SJ, Chung MJ. Effects of stress, social support and efficacy on mothers' parenting behaviors. Korean Journal of Child Studies. 1998; 19(1):27–42.
19. Gibaud-Wallston J, Wandersmann LP. Development and utility of the parenting sense of competence scale. Toronto: The annual meeting of the American Psychological Association;1978.
20. Roach AJ, Frazier LP, Bowden SR. The marital satisfaction scale: Development of a measure for intervention research. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1981; 43(3):537–546.
crossref
21. Jang JY. Influence that marital satisfaction and fostering stress of marriage immigrating women has on the cultural adaptation [master's thesis]. Seoul: Chung-Ang University;2009. p. 104. p.
22. Crnic KA, Greenberg MT. Minor parenting stresses with young children. Child Development. 1990; 61(5):1628–1637.
crossref
23. Cho HH, Park ES, Oh WO. Maternal conflicts of Vietnamese married immigrant women in Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2014; 44(6):617–629. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.6.617.
crossref
24. Kang HK. Parenting stress scale for parents of school-aged children. Journal of Korean Home Management Association. 2003; 21(2):31–38.
25. Yang SN, Kim WY, Kim YO. A study on multicultural family mothers' experience of child rearing. The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education. 2013; 18(1):71–94.
26. Yang JH, Park HJ, Kim SS, Kang EJ, Byun SH, Bang JS. Adaptation experience to family of immigrant women in multicultural families. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2012; 42(1):36–47. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.1.36.
crossref
27. Kim HH, Park CM, Lee JR, Shin HS. Effects of parenting stress and maltreatment on mother's perception of parenting daily hassles. Journal of the Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health. 2009; 13(2):207–219.
28. Kim SS. The difficulties Immigrants-through-marriage mothers face in adjusting to their children's early childhood educational institutions. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education. 2012; 32(2):241–264.
29. Kim KH, Kang HK. Research: Development of the parenting stress scale. Family and Environment Research. 1997; 35(5):141–150.
30. Iacobucci D, Duhachek A. Advancing ?: Measuring reliability with confidence. Journal of Consumer Psychology. 2003; 13(4):478–487. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1304_14.

Table 1.
Attributes and Sub-categories of Concept Analysis about Parenting Stress among Marriage Immigrant Women
Sub-categories Attributes
Ordinary difficulties Parenting and housework burden
  Physical pain and fatigue due to parenting
  Restrictions due to parenting
Role burden of mothers Double burden of adaptation to Korea and parenting
  Tension for parenting
  Difficulties in child education
  Confusion about their future child education
  Sorriness about their child
  Sense of guilt for lack of mother roles
  Frustration due to mother roles
Insufficiency of the parenting Lack of parenting information
support system Financial burden
  Lack of support for parenting and educational information
  Lack of their husband's support
  Lack of confidence about parenting
Confusion of parenting methods Confusion due to different parenting style between Korea and their original country
due to cultural differences Conflicts in their family for parenting
  Unfamiliar education system in Korea
Unskilled Korean communication Difficulties in communication with their child
  Difficulties in communication associated with those related to their child
Maladjustment of children Delay in their child's linguistic development
  Their child's poor academic development
  Discrimination and ignorance their child is going through
  Child's identity confusion
Table 2.
Extracted Factor Loading of the Parenting Stress Scale for Marriage Immigrant Women (N=273)
Factors Item number　     Factor loading    
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Insufficiency of parenting support system 14 0.72 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.10 0.09
  11 0.68 0.22 0.08 0.11 0.30 0.17
  15 0.67 0.11 0.04 0.19 0.02 0.25
  13 0.59 0.08 0.27 0.13 0.09 0.45
  19 0.54 0.31 0.04 0.19 0.29 0.18
  18 0.54 0.22 0.24 0.50 –0.12 –0.14
  17 0.51 –0.13 0.29 0.33 0.00 0.15
Role burden of mothers 8 0.12 0.80 0.18 0.01 0.10 0.05
  7 0.09 0.68 0.15 0.12 0.21 0.25
  4 0.07 0.67 0.08 0.21 0.12 0.22
  6 0.09 0.65 0.20 0.08 0.29 0.22
  9 0.27 0.63 0.02 0.07 –0.02 0.15
Maladjustment of children 34 0.16 0.07 0.79 0.25 0.09 0.03
  33 0.20 0.18 0.76 0.04 0.19 0.15
  35 0.00 0.14 0.73 0.30 0.08 0.04
  32 0.23 0.20 0.60 0.10 0.33 –0.07
  31 0.16 0.12 0.54 –0.01 0.43 0.14
Confusion of parenting methods due to cultural differences 22 –0.02 0.02 0.07 0.69 0.12 0.32
  23 0.29 0.21 0.04 0.68 0.10 0.02
  21 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.62 0.08 0.23
  24 0.32 0.16 0.24 0.62 0.13 –0.12
  25 0.31 0.04 0.22 0.60 0.19 0.05
Unskilled Korean communication 27 0.15 0.24 0.19 0.11 0.75 –0.02
  28 0.17 0.18 0.11 0.18 0.74 –0.09
  29 –0.01 0.02 0.35 0.16 0.69 0.20
Ordinary difficulties 1 0.16 0.32 0.04 0.13 –0.02 0.70
  3 0.27 0.26 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.69
  2 0.27 0.40 0.06 0.13 –0.04 0.65
Eigenvalue   9.12 2.41 2.10 1.26 1.22 1.08
Variance (%)   32.57 8.61 7.49 4.51 4.34 3.86
Cumulative variance (%)   32.57 41.18 48.66 53.17 57.51 61.37
Table 3.
Convergent Validity and Discriminant Validity of the Parenting Stress Scale for Marriage Immigrant Women (N=273)
Item number Factor1 Factor2 Factor3 Factor4 Factor5 Factor6 2∗Standard error of correlation coefficient
11 .65 .42 .38 .43 .37 .41 0.09
13 .63 .37 .43 .42 .27 .54 0.09
14 .67 .40 .41 .44 .33 .41 0.09
15 .60 .32 .27 .41 .21 .42 0.10
17 .51 .15 .37 .44 .20 .26 0.10
18 .56 .33 .38 .57 .21 .27 0.10
19 .58 .47 .36 .44 .36 .41 0.10
4 .37 .58 .30 .34 .30 .48 0.10
6 .38 .63 .40 .29 .42 .46 0.09
7 .39 .67 .35 .32 .35 .49 0.09
8 .33 .67 .35 .24 .30 .38 0.09
9 .39 .50 .23 .26 .19 .43 0.11
31 .36 .35 .53 .29 .49 .22 0.10
32 .42 .35 .60 .36 .49 .19 0.10
33 .44 .38 .69 .33 .44 .30 0.09
34 .43 .28 .69 .43 .40 .20 0.09
35 .33 .28 .61 .41 .36 .18 0.10
21 .40 .27 .31 .49 .24 .29 0.11
22 .34 .23 .26 .48 .23 .29 0.11
23 .51 .32 .31 .58 .29 .32 0.10
24 .51 .29 .42 .58 .33 .22 0.10
25 .50 .25 .42 .57 .36 .27 0.10
27 .50 .25 .42 .73 .40 .27 0.11
28 .36 .19 .31 .39 .51 .23 0.10
29 .35 .40 .48 .30 .40 .19 0.11
1 .40 .47 .18 .28 .16 .63 0.09
2 .47 .53 .25 .34 .16 .67 0.09
3 .50 .47 .28 .35 .24 .61 0.10
Table 4.
Criterion-related Validity of the Parenting Stress Scale for Marriage Immigrant Women (N=273)
Parenting stress of marriage immigrant women   PSI   Parenting sense of competence Marriage satisfaction
Relationships with children Expectations for learning Total score
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
F1 .50 .60 .59 –.39 –.37
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)
F2 .41 .39 .44 –.35 –.27
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)
F3 .32 .43 .40 –.31 –.16
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (.011)
F4 .46 .49 .52 –.39 –.34
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)
F5 .40 .37 .40 –.19 –.11
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (.086)
F6 .34 .36 .38 –.35 –.39
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)
Total items .55 .62 .63 –.46 –.38
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)

F1=Insufficiency of parenting support system; F2=Role burden of mothers; F3=Maladjustment of children; F4=Confusion of parenting methods due to cultural differences; F5=Unskilled Korean communication; F6=Ordinary difficulties.

Table 5.
Item-analysis and Reliability of the Parenting Stress Scale for Marriage Immigrant Women (N=273)
Factors correlation Item number Item-total ⍺ if item deleted Cronbach's ⍺ (95% CI) Rating M±SD
M±SD
Insufficiency of parenting support system 11 .61 .918 .85 3.21±1.15 16.59±4.47
  13 .62 .918 (.82∼.87) 2.97±1.13  
  14 .61 .918   3.11±1.16  
  15 .62 .920   3.19±1.14  
  17 .52 .921   3.48±1.15  
  18 .46 .919   3.32±1.23  
  19 .55 .918   3.20±1.23  
Role burden of mothers 4 .52 .920 .82 2.79±1.20 14.93±4.23
  6 .56 .919 (.78∼.85) 2.89±1.21  
  7 .56 .919   3.05±1.22  
  8 .49 .920   3.05±1.30  
  9 .45 .921   2.78±1.34  
Maladjustment of children 31 .50 .920 .83 3.17±1.27 16.59±4.47
  32 .54 .919 (.79∼.86) 3.03±1.19  
  33 .57 .919   2.84±1.19  
  34 .54 .919   2.68±1.24  
  35 .48 .920   2.93±1.18  
Confusion of parenting methods due to cultural differences 21 .45 .921 .77 3.05±1.16 14.93±4.23
  22 .41 .921 (.72∼.81) 3.18±1.18  
  23 .53 .919   3.09±1.10  
  24 .55 .919   3.38±1.15  
  25 .55 .919   3.32±1.13  
Unskilled Korean communication 27 .50 .920 .76 3.29±1.17 9.99±2.84
  28 .46 .920 (.71∼.80) 3.26±1.16  
  29 .46 .920   3.44±1.13  
Ordinary difficulties 1 .46 .920 .79 3.44±1.14 9.28±2.90
  2 .53 .919 (.75∼.83) 3.26±1.22  
  3 .54 .919   3.19±1.16  
Total items       .92 3.13±0.67 87.58±18.89
        (.91∼.94)    
TOOLS
Similar articles