Sleep Duration and the Related Factors of Hypertension among Korean Middle-aged Adults

Eunok Park

doi:10.7469/kjan.2014.26.3.372

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Park: Sleep Duration and the Related Factors of Hypertension among Korean Middle-aged Adults

Original Article

Korean J Adult Nurs 2014;26(3):372-381.

Published online: NaN June 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7469/kjan.2014.26.3.372

Sleep Duration and the Related Factors of Hypertension among Korean Middle-aged Adults

Eunok Park

College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea

Corresponding author: Park, Eunok College of Nursing, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 690-756, Korea. Tel: +82-64-754-3882, Fax: +82-64-702-2686, E-mail: eopark@jejunu.ac.kr

Received 30 March 20141 June 2014 Accepted 5 June 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study investigated the prevalence of hypertension, explored sleep duration, and examined the related factors to hypertension in Korean middle-aged adults.

Methods

Using raw data from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) conducted from 2008 to 2010, a secondary analysis was performed with data from 13,230 adults aged 30~64 years. x²-test and multiple logistic regressions was used for the data analysis.

Results

The prevalence of hypertension among Korean middle-aged adults was 21.8% and 40.3% among participants reported that their average sleep duration was below six hours a night. Risk factors for hypertension include: female (the odds ratio (OR) 1.66 for male), 50~64 years age group (OR 3.66 for 30~49 years age group), education level of elementary school (OR 1.84 for university level), low household income (OR 1.27 for upper), obesity (OR 2.41), high risk drinking (OR 1.64), and sleep duration≤6 hrs (OR 1.16 for 8 hrs of sleep).

Conclusion

High risk population of hypertension could be male, aged, low education, and low income. Obesity, high risk drinking, and short sleep duration should be considered as risk factors for hypertension. Interventions for obesity management, adequate alcohol drinking and sleep duration could be considered for preventing hypertension.

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Keywords: Sleep, Hypertension, Adult, KNHANES

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Table 1.

Prevalence of Hypertension by General Characteristics (N=13,230)

Variable	Categories	n^†	%^‡	HT W %	p
Gender	Male	5,701	50.5	26.2	＜.001
Gender	Female	7,529	49.5	17.4	＜.001
Age (year)	30~49	8,047	66.2	13.2	＜.001
Age (year)	50~64	5,183	33.8	38.7	＜.001
Marital status	Never married	711	6.8	16.3	＜.001
	Married	11,298	84.8	21.8
	Divorced, separated	1,186	8.4	27.3
Education	Elementary school	2,334	14.9	38.9	＜.001
	Middle school	1,751	12.8	29.4
	High school	4,993	39.1	18.8
	≥College	4,140	33.2	14.9
Household income	Low	1,526	10.7	32.3	＜.001
	Moderate low	3,306	25.7	21.3
	Moderate upper	4,075	31.6	20.5
	Upper	4,137	32.0	20.0
Occupation	Professional, manager	1,796	15.2	17.3	＜.001
	Clerk	1,186	9.7	17.2
	Service & sales	2,066	16.4	20.8
	Agricultural, physical worker	3,928	29.8	26.8
	None	4,186	28.9	21.1
Medicaid	No	12,869	97.6	21.7	.061
Medicaid	Recipients	339	2.4	26.5	.061
Smoking	No	8,641	59.9	20.1	＜.001
Smoking	Yes	4,575	40.1	24.4	＜.001
Monthly drinking	No	5,635	38.8	19.6	＜.001
Monthly drinking	Yes	7,548	61.2	23.2	＜.001
High risk drinking	No	11,443	84.2	20.3	＜.001
High risk drinking	Yes	1,787	15.8	30.3	＜.001
Physical activity; severe	No	10,949	82.3	21.3	.003
Physical activity; severe	Yes	2,266	17.7	24.5	.003
Physical activity; moderate	No	11,331	86.6	21.6	.270
Physical activity; moderate	Yes	1,886	13.4	22.9	.270
Walking over 30min/day	No	7,644	58.3	20.9	.011
Walking over 30min/day	Yes	5,560	41.7	23.1	.011
BMI (kg/m²)	＜18.5	423	3.1	7.7	＜.001
	≥18.5~＜25.0	8,348	62.8	16.1
	≥25.0	4,408	34.1	33.5
Perceived stress	Little	9,386	70.7	22.2	＜.001
Perceived stress	Much	3,843	29.3	20.9	＜.001
Sleep hours	≤6 hrs	5,238	40.3	24.2	＜.001
	7 hrs	4,087	30.7	20.4
	8 hrs	3,056	22.7	19.8
	≥9 hrs	849	6.3	21.6
Hypertension	No	10,309	78.2
Hypertension	Yes	2,921	21.8

HT=hypertension; W=weighted; BMI=body mass index.

^† The difference between N with total n is due to missing value;

^‡ Total percent is not sometimes equal to 100.0 exactly because of rounding off the numbers to two decimal places.

Table 2.

Sleep Duration of the Subjects by General Characteristics

Variables	Categories	Sleep duration (W %)^†				p
Variables	Categories	≤6 hrs	7 hrs	8 hrs	≥9 hrs	p
Total		40.3	30.7	22.7	6.3	＜.001
Gender	Male	42.1	30.6	21.6	5.7
Gender	Female	38.5	30.7	23.8	6.9
Age (year)	30~49	38.4	32.3	23.1	6.3	＜.001
Age (year)	50~64	44.1	27.5	22.0	6.3	＜.001
Marital status	Never married	41.5	27.8	24.3	6.4	＜.001
	Married	39.4	31.6	22.8	6.3
	Divorced, separated	49.2	24.3	20.5	6.0
Education	Elementary school	47.1	24.9	18.4	9.6	＜.001
	Middle school	43.2	27.5	23.3	6.1
	High school	38.0	31.2	24.2	6.7
	≥College	39.1	33.9	22.6	4.4
Household income	Low	42.7	26.6	23.0	7.7	＜.001
	Moderate low	40.5	29.4	23.1	7.0
	Moderate upper	39.2	31.0	23.6	6.2
	Upper	40.3	33.2	21.4	5.2
Occupation	Professional, manager	43.3	33.8	19.6	3.2	＜.001
	Clerk	41.6	35.2	20.5	2.6
	Service & sales	40.2	31.5	22.7	5.6
	Agricultural, physical worker	42.6	28.4	22.6	6.4
Medicaid	None	36.0	29.5	25.3	9.3	＜.001
	No	40.2	30.8	22.8	6.3
	Recipients	48.2	26.8	17.3	7.8

W=weighted.

^† Total percent is not sometimes equal to 100.0 exactly because of rounding off the numbers to two decimal places.

Table 3.

Logistic Regression for Hypertension

Variable (reference group)		Odds	Lower	Upper	p
Gender (Female)	Male	1.66	1.48	1.86	＜.001
Age group (30~49year)	50~64 year	3.66	3.19	4.20	＜.001
Education level (College)	Elementary school	1.84	1.51	2.24	＜.001
	Middle school	1.42	1.17	1.71	＜.001
	High school	1.26	1.09	1.46	.002
Household income (upper)	Low	1.27	1.04	1.55	.017
	Moderate low	0.90	0.78	1.04	.156
	Moderate upper	1.00	0.86	1.16	.995
High risk drinking (no)	Yes	1.64	1.41	1.92	＜.001
Obesity (normal)	Underweight	0.59	0.38	0.92	.020
Obesity (normal)	Overweight	2.41	2.15	2.71	＜.001
Sleep duration (8 hours)	≤6 hours	1.16	1.02	1.33	.025
	7 hours	1.07	0.93	1.23	.374
	≥9 hours	1.04	0.81	1.34	.758

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