Evaluation of dietary intake in Korean adults according to energy intake from eating-out: Based on 2013~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Yun-Jung Bae

doi:10.4163/jnh.2016.49.6.482

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Bae: Evaluation of dietary intake in Korean adults according to energy intake from eating-out: Based on 2013~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2016; 49(6): 482-494.

Published online: 31 December 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2016.49.6.482

Evaluation of dietary intake in Korean adults according to energy intake from eating-out: Based on 2013~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Yun-Jung Bae

Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu 11644, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-31-870-3572, byj@shinhan.ac.kr

Received 10 October 2016 Revised 10 November 2016 Accepted 15 December 2016

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The objective of the present study was to evaluate nutrient and food group intakes in Korean adults according to energy intake from eating-out.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional study based on the 2013~2014 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, and study subjects were 5,186 males (2,151) and females (3,035) aged 19~64 years. Energy intake from eating-out was analyzed using the 24-hour dietary recall method, and groups were classified by quartile according to energy intake from eating-out.

Results

Subjects who had more energy intake from eating-out tended to be younger, highly educated, have a higher income, and have higher alcohol consumption. Total energy intake and fat intake density of the highest quartile group of energy intake from eating-out were higher than those of the other groups. However, fiber, vitamin B₁, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and iron intake density levels were significantly lower in the highest quartile group of energy intake from eating-out. The highest quartile group of energy intake from eating-out consumed significantly more meat and beverages compared to the other groups. In addition, regarding diet quality (Index of nutritional quality), significantly lower vitamin B₁, calcium, phosphorus, and iron levels were observed in the highest quartile group of energy intake from eating-out compared to those in the other groups.

Conclusion

In conclusion, in Korean adults, consumption of eating-out decreased dietary quality, including vitamin B₁, calcium, phosphorus, and iron levels. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Keywords: eating-out, nutrient density, food group intake, index of nutritional quality, adults

Figures and Tables

Table 1

General characteristics by categories of energy from eating-out among male adults

1) Data represent mean ± SE. 2) %

Body mass index variable has been age-adjusted.

^*p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 3 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^#p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 2 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^†p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 1 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

Table 2

General characteristics by categories of eating-out among female adults

1) Data represent mean ± SE. 2) %

Body mass index variable has been age-adjusted.

^*p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 3 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^#p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 2 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^†p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 1 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

Table 3

Energy and nutrient intakes per 1,000 kcal by categories of energy from eating-out among male adults

1) Data represent mean ± SE. 2) Distribution of the subjects 3) Hyper nutrition: energy intake ≥ 125% EER and fat intake > acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) 4) %

All variables have been age-adjusted.

^*p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 3 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^#p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 2 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^†p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 1 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

Table 4

Energy and nutrient intakes per 1,000 kcal by categories of energy from eating-out among female adults

1) Data represent mean ± SE. 2) Distribution of the subjects 3) Hyper nutrition: energy intake ≥ 125% EER and fat intake > acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) 4) %

All variables have been age-adjusted.

^*p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 3 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^#p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 2 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^†p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 1 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

Table 5

Eating-out food intakes percentage from each food group by categories of energy from eating-out among male adults

1) Data represent mean ± SE.

All variables have been age-adjusted.

^*p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 3 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^#p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 2 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^†p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 1 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

Table 6

Eating-out food intakes percentage from each food group by categories of energy from eating-out among female adults

1) Data represent mean ± SE.

All variables have been age-adjusted.

^*p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 3 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^#p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 2 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^†p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 1 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

Table 7

Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) by categories of energy from eating-out among male adults

1) Data represent mean ± SE.

All variables have been age-adjusted.

^*p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 3 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^#p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 2 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^†p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 1 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

Table 8

Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) by categories of energy from eating-out among female adults

1) Data represent mean ± SE.

All variables have been age-adjusted.

^*p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 3 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^#p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 2 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

^†p < 0.05 Significance between Quartile 4 and Quartile 1 at α = 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer method

Notes

This work was supported by Shinhan University Research Fund, 2016.

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