In most patients who undergo HSCT, LPI kinetics show a pattern in which conditioning promptly, as early as 48 h after its initiation, causes a substantial increase in LPI levels that persists until erythropoiesis is restored at engraftment [56]. It has been suggested that increased levels of LPI may cause cell damage and ultimately lead to tissue toxicity, susceptibility to infections, and other complications commonly observed in the early post-HSCT period. Recently, we demonstrated an association between baseline LPI levels and regimen-related toxicity in patients who undergo HSCT; however, given the small size of the study, this observation should be confirmed in larger studies [6].

From a practical perspective, obtaining tissues from patients undergoing HSCT to evaluate iron toxicity is not feasible. However, as nearly all patients with planned autologous HSCT are subjected to mobilization with granulocyte-stimulating factors and harvesting of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) by leukapheresis, we postulated that MNC represent a valuable, culturable, and easily obtainable material to examine iron-mediated cell toxicity.

To determine whether increased LPI levels can cause cell toxicity, we evaluated their impact on the viability of MNC obtained from the peripheral blood of eight patients undergoing autologous HSCT for multiple myeloma (N=4) or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (N=4). An environment with normal and increased LPI concentrations was created by collecting plasma samples before (baseline) and after conditioning (on day 0). LPI concentrations were normal (<0.5 µM) in all baseline samples (mean, 0.2 µM; range, 0–0.4 µM) and increased in all day 0 samples (mean, 2.0 µM; range, 1.1–4.0 µM). An aliquot of the leukapheresis product from each patient was obtained on day 0, just before infusion, and MNC were isolated by Ficoll gradient and placed in DMEM in duplicate for five days in four experiments: i) without the addition of plasma (control), ii) with the addition of autologous plasma with normal LPI levels (baseline sample), iii) with the addition of autologous plasma with increased LPI levels (day 0 sample), and iv) with autologous plasma with increased LPI levels (day 0 sample) in the presence of an iron chelator (50 µM deferiprone). MNC were cultured with autologous plasma at a 1:1 volume ratio. Viability of cultured MNC was determined by the trypan blue method at 3, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours.

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study, and all the procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the local institutional research committee.

As expected, MNC viability decreased over time in all experiments (P<0.001; Fig. 1). There was no difference in viability between cells cultured without plasma (control) and cells cultured with plasma and normal LPI levels. Cells cultured with plasma with increased LPI levels showed the lowest viability of cells in all culture conditions at all time points (P<0.001). Interestingly, the viability of cells cultured with plasma, increased LPI, and an iron chelator was similar to that of cells cultured with plasma and normal LPI levels at all time points (P>0.05).

The reduced viability of MNC cultured with day 0 plasma samples could be attributed to factors other than increased LPI that promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Actually, a pro-oxidant state associated with increased expression of plasma oxidative stress biomarkers and reduced activity of plasma antioxidant enzymes, is usually observed following conditioning in HSCT patients [7]. However, the fact that MNC viability was preserved simply by adding an iron chelator to day 0 plasma samples indicates that LPI itself is a major promoter of cell toxicity.

In fact, iron overload in the bone marrow has been shown to increase ROS concentrations in erythroid cells, granulocytes, and CD34+ cells, and this was associated with decreased hematopoietic colony formation relative to that in normal bone marrow. These findings confirmed that ROS signaling played a role in deficient hematopoiesis in iron-overloaded bone marrow [8]. Another in vitro study showed that free iron inhibited colony formation by erythroid and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors and reduced the size of colonies in a dose-dependent manner [9].

Iron chelation appeared to show corrective potential against iron-mediated toxicity in hematopoietic cells. In myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), where hematopoiesis is largely ineffective, iron overload has been shown to impair bone marrow function by suppressing the burst forming activity of erythroid progenitors [10]. On the other hand, iron chelation therapy has been associated with increased erythropoietic activity and decreased cytopenias and transfusions in MDS patients [11]. In vitro tests with cardiac and endocrine cells exposed to labile iron have shown that iron accumulates in organelles and increases ROS formation, affecting major cell functions such as permselectivity, electron transport activity, and viability. Again, iron chelation with deferasirox was effective in reducing iron-induced cell damage and increasing viability of these cells [12].

If the in vitro effect of increased LPI on MNC viability on day 0 samples is assumed to occur also in vivo, this would have significant implications on engraftment, as stem cells are infused on day 0 and may be exposed to increased LPI. We showed that iron chelation in vitro can prevent this problem, and a clinical trial with standard doses of iron chelators during the peri-infusion period could confirm this impact of LPI on engraftment.

In conclusion, our results indicate that increased LPI levels can substantially decrease the viability of MNC and that this effect can be prevented or at least attenuated by using iron chelators.